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| first formation period in which agriculture extended from the Indus River Valley to the Ganges River Valley; first literary language of India (knowledge) |
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| new stories, epics, and other literary works developed in this era |
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| divisions that established relationships between the Aryan conquerors and the indigenous people; social classifications |
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| first literary language of the new culture |
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| 5th caste group confined to transporting dead bodies and hauling refuse |
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| later books of the Vedas, contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas, utilized by Brahmans to restore religous authority |
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| first rulers to unify much of India, developed substantial bureaucracy |
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| Chandraguptas grandson, govenor of two provinces, studied nature and was influenced by the Brahman religion and Buddhism; gained control of all of India (except Southern tip); bloodthirsty then compassionate; improved trade and communication |
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| 320 BCE- gave India its greatest period of stability; preferred negotiation; created demanding taxation system, unified law codes |
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| polytheistic belief that there are many suitable paths of worship; believed in reincarnation- pursuing higher spiritual goals |
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| directed attention to moral consequences of actino and at the same time the need to act; a guide to living in this world and simultaneously pursing higher spiritual goals; stressed inner study and meditation building from the divine essence within each creature |
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| "the mystics"- seeked communion with the divine soul, agreed on certain doctrines |
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| believed in rewards in the after life, with the destruction of self and union with the divine essence |
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| union with the divine essence |
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| story collections that include Sinbad the Sailor, Jack the Giant Killer, and the Seven League boots |
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| souls do not die when bodies do but pass into other beings |
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| what goes around comes around |
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