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Helped Est. the church independent of the Roman Cath. Church. Driving factor in protestant reformation.
Born into a family of lawyers. Attended the Univ. of Erfurt(Law). Got caught in a storm and promised God that he would be a monk if survived. He followed through and attended Univ. of Wittenburg |
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| Martin Luther attended in order to become a Monk. |
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The remission of punishment b/c a sin already committed has been forgiven, granted by the church when the sinner confesses and receives absolution. When given church extends merit to sinner from Treasure House of Merit. Could be bought and sold.
M.L. did not believe this was the way of the church. |
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Oct. 1517 nailed to the castle church doors in Wittenburg. He believed salvation was strictly through faith not money. Wanted to close monasteries and translate bible from Latin to local language.
Had the popular support b/c RC Church was heading towards corruption. Luther was taken under custody by German Princes |
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| 95 Prop. was nailed to the doors of this church located in Wittenburg. |
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| M.L. thought people should only have faith to be saved and did not have to achieve good works. Doctrine stated that salv. or justification by grace through faith alone. |
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| tried to divorce his wife through the pope after she did not give him a son. Pope refused and he decided to start own church and name himself hope. Gave him political and relig. control over Eng. |
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| Born in France, at 20 he conv. to Protestantism and after burning of friend at the stake, he fled to Switz. for safety. |
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| Institutes of the Christian Religion |
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Written by John C., he placed emph. on sovereignty of God and introd. Predestination. In 1536 he attempted to reform the city of Geneva. Church was broken into 4 structures.
Pastors who preached words to cong.
Doctors who studied the bible
Deacons chosen by cong.
Elders who gov. moral issues-most controversial
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belief that people are born already decided of going to Heaven or Hell, not much that could be done to change it.
There were 3 tests.
Open profession of Faith
Decent and Godly Life
Part. in the Sacraments of Baptism and Communion |
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| Idea of Predestination=Hell |
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Idea of Predestination=Heaven
3 Tests? |
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City Calvin attempted to reform in 1536
4 Structures? |
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studied the night sky: ideas formed the trad. conception of the universe, which stated the earth was motionless and occupied a central place.
Used until 17th century |
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| idea that earth was Surr. by a series of concentric spheres that rev. around earth, and that it was motionless and occupied a central place. |
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| A monk who came up w/ the reconception of the universes. |
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| introd. by Copernicus, it switched the place of the sun and earth so that the sun was now the center of the univ. Church condemned theory in 1616 and later condemned Galileo for his support. Copernicus' book, On the Rev. of Heavenly Spheres was banned until 1822. |
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| wrote book, Mathematical Principles of Nat. Philosophy. Argued Law of Univ. Gravitation in this book, which reg. the motion of bodies through the universe. |
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| 1st to disc. the theory of Heliocentric Univ. In 1609 Galileo Galilei invented the Telescope |
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John Locke, Two Treaties of Gov't
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Theory of Social Contract |
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| imp. scholar in the 17th cent., pub. Two Treaties of Gov. in 1690. In book, he disc. state of nature b4 human civ. became org. The state of nature was a state of equality and freedom, rather than that of war. he did not believe all was well in this state of nature and there needed to be a govt. to ensure prot. of rights. It est. a mutual agreement, NO GOV'T SHOULD EXIST UNLESS PEOPLE WANT IT. |
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| Conseq. of the Enlightment |
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Modern Political Movements
Secular rather than relig. thinking
Rationalistic social science approach
Extending and translating the outcome of the scientific rev. it est. basic framework of modern west. intellectual life. |
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Regional State governing Germany.
After nomadic invasions, countries emerged that are still present today such as England, France, etc. They div. into feudal regional states. |
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| William of Normandy became William the Conq. for his success. His invasion marked the beginning of late medieval England. in the 12th Cent. Henry 11 attempted to strengthen monarchial powers and bring about admin. cent. He est. kings courts in diff parts of England. Resp. for granting magistrates the power to remder legal decisions |
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| 1215, it contains a long list of noble rights and privileges that a king promised. It favors the English noble class and stated the king should observe he law of the land and couldn't perceive against anyone with due process. King had no choice. |
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| an est. course for judicial proceedings and other governmental activities designed to safeguard the legal right of the individual. CENTRAL POINT of MAGNA CARTA. Also the belied that mon. power should never be cent. power |
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formed after a battle broke out in 1264 when King Henry tried to resume his power and he was captured.
JOINT ASSEMBLY OF NOBLES AND MAGNATES. Discussed TAXATION, LEGISLATION, & FOREIGN AFFAIRS. |
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| Elected king of France in the year 987. in beginning territory was really small, and lasted for 300 years |
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| created a rep. institution known as the Estates General. He wanted to bypass the nobles of France b/c he didn't want them to have say in the decision making process. |
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| 3 Estates: The Clergy, The Nobility, and the Townspeople. All met for the 1st time in 1302 under Philip. 1st in hist. of France who consulted rep. bodies. General was at the discretion of the king |
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| lasted 116Yrs. Armored Nobles, Armored Knights, and Infantrymen composed France's army with Nobles=most auth. French introduced canons, as a result war was over and france was free from England. CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR INCLUDE: est. taxation in Eng. and France., strengthened tendencies in state union in both, Parliament grew in power and prestige while monarch became more powerful than ever |
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| Emerged from the colony of Champagne. from a peasant family and did not have a high level of education. When 16, she believed she was supposed to free France. She did not live to see the outcome she was captured by the Burgundy Army who allied w/ the british. guilty of WITCHCRAFT and WAS BURNED |
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Territorial assoc. that claims supremacy over all other associations w/in its boundaries; it's characterized by its indep. power to compel obedience from the populations. TWO DEF. CHARACTERISTICS: independent and coercive power.
Formation Consisted of 4 Steps:
Nat'l Unification and Independence
Dev. and Differentation of institutions
Transfer of power from trad. elites to royal gov't=Admin Civ.
Ise of state power in guiding and controlling social and economic activity |
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| Wars of Religion=Sixteenth Century Crisis |
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| A religious war. occured as a res. of reformation ideologies. Cath. and Prot. both believed in God but interpretation was diff. Both thought own version was the only one. |
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| Another name for Calvanists they were led to persecution by French Teams, but it did little to stop the spread. Conversion of so many nobles made Huguenots a major threat. Constant Battles btwn 2 groups and Hugh. ended up in prison b/c of their faith. |
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| Henry IV=Henry of Navarre |
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| Political leader of Hugh. became the King of France. Conv. to Cath. so the French would accept him. His coronationended the wars of relig. b/c of the EDICT OF NANTES he issued. |
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| issued by Henry IV, it acknowledged Cath. as the official relig. of France, but it also guaranteed the Huge. the right to worship and enjoy political privilege. |
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