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| late 15th cen to 1750. Global system of commerce and change from the late 15th century to rougly 1750. marked by the emergence of European exploration and colonization and ended by the beginning of the industrial revolution. Comprised of small local systems of change that interconnected and a new interest in efficiency and rationalization that helped usher in the Modern age. An excellent example of the Early Modern System would be the slave trade. Significant because it began process of globalization and fusion of cultures. |
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| 1453. refers to the capture of the Byzantine Empire's capital by the Ottoman Empire. it played a crucial role to Ottoman political stability and subsequent expansion in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans.Scholars consider the Fall of Constantinople as a key event ending the Middle Ages and starting the Renaissance because of the end of the old religious order in Europe and the use of cannon and gunpowder. The fall of Constantinople and general encroachment of the Turks in that region also severed the main overland trade link between Europe and Asia, and as a result more Europeans began to seriously consider the possibility of reaching Asia by sea. |
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700 - 1492. the seven-and-a-half century long process by which Christians conquered the Iberian peninsula (modern Portugal and Spain) from the Muslim and Moorish states of Al-Ándalus Taking back the muslim lands of spain and portugal.Visigoths and Ostragoths.Most Muslims and Jews were forced to either convert to Christianity or leave Spain and Portugal and have their assets seized. Many Muslims and Jews moved to North Africa rather than submit to forced conversion. During the Islamic administration, Christians and Jews were allowed to convert or retain their religions with many reduced rights and a tax, which if not paid the penalty was death, although during the time of the Almoravids and especially the Almohads they were also treated badly, in contrast to the policies of the earlier Umayyad rulers.
The new Christian hierarchy, on the other hand, demanded heavy taxes and gave them nominal rights, but only in heavily Islamic regions, such as Granada, until their own power was sufficient, and the influence of the Inquisition strong enough, to make further expulsion both possible and economically feasible. In 1496, under Archbishop Hernando de Talavera, even the Muslim population of Granada was forced to accept Christianity. In 1502, the king and queen declared submission to Catholicism officially compulsory in Castilian domains. Emperor Charles V did the same for the Kingdom of Aragon in 1526.[5] These policies were not only officially religious in nature but also effectively seized the wealth of the vanquished.On January 2, 1492, the last Muslim ruler, Abu 'abd Allah Muhammad XII (also known as Boabdil of Granada), surrendered to Ferdinand and Isabella, Los Reyes Católicos ("The Catholic Monarchs"). This resulted in the creation of a united Christian nation encompassing most of modern day Spain. |
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| 1492. Columbus mistake them for "indians". Thought he had made the route to India.European (spain) rule in new world. Will enslave/rest those who do not accept Christ. Only read to them once description of Christianity and terms (not in their language) Ever After - How can you enslave those who are uneducated by your own accord? |
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| 1492 - . 90% die in 1st years of contact. carib - corrupt - suspected cannibalism. arawaks thought to be peaceful. diff dialects of same language.arawak called taino. village leaders - cacique. made war on each other (political system) spain doesnt understand "cacique monarchy" |
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| cheif of arawak/carib (taino) not pass onto children like monarch - spain does NOT understand. eventually came to mean native ruler |
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| new forms of leadership - younger - war leadership eventually became title and social class - emergence of king class system - religious network - 1400 - mecseca powerful and dominate neighbors - then refer to selves as aztec |
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| aztecs - became great empire - thriving when spanish arrived - human sacrifice - war |
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| new empire - settle in 1250 - similar to aztecs - semi divine figure - build temple after victory to display authority (like ottomans and others) inca road network - no written language - problems: large empire, never develop new sapa inca standard, always civil war when sapa inca die |
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| Inca record keeping - no written record - cluster of colored thread from hunk in center. threads mean different things. very complex - done without european influence - example of thriving society before euros - not a mirror image of euro society |
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| 900 - 1250 AD. Iroguois - mound builders - illinois - used for religious, burials, housing - between misissippi, missouri and ohio rivers - decimated by epidemic disease - eruos not believe natives capable - said israel tribe must have migrated and built it (bullcrap!) - further proves that advanced society exist b4 euros explore - not of euro origins |
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| after 1250. corn - river systems - allow for expansion of groups (owasco). lived in longhouses (certain architecture) built big things - women(household) men(hunting and war) so settled and centralized it splintered into many other tribes - great law of peace treaty - trade routes with iroquois transform east US. |
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| 700 ad - 1200 ad - 4 corner states - cliff dwellers - dont know what they called themselves - hunters and gatherers - master tech to better grow corn - irrigation - 70% of diet - allowed to settle - migrate to river systems (became pueblo or navaho) corn spread through river systems - |
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| Prince Henry the Navigatior |
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| 1394 - 1460. an infante (prince) of the Portuguese House of Aviz and an important figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire, being responsible for the beginning of the European worldwide explorations.Prince Henry the Navigator was the third son of King John I, the founder of the Aviz dynasty, and of Philippa of Lancaster, the daughter of John of Gaunt. Henry encouraged his father to conquer Ceuta (1415), the Muslim port on the North African coast across the Straits of Gibraltar from the Iberian peninsula, with profound consequences on Henry's worldview: Henry became aware of the profit possibilities in the Saharan trade routes that terminated there and became fascinated with Africa in general; he was most intrigued by the Christian legend of Prester John and the expansion of Portuguese trade.Finance and school Vasco de Gamma |
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| 1448 - prince henry the navigator purchased islands to grow wheat - wheat wont grow there - good for sugar cane! thus, slavery...and muslim prisoners. west african slaves, portugese develop new ships for open ocean, figure out wind patterns, trade winds |
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| new inca capital, formerly cuzco - 1533 inca empire crushed by pizzaro - pizarro killed by other spanish explorers, civil wars over territories - monarchy then exert control over colonies - influx of immigrants - legal claim to brazil - new kind of hybrid culture |
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| 1498. Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the European Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India.(under Henry the Navigator)The spice trade would prove to be a major asset to the Portuguese economy. Other consequences followed. For example, Gama's voyage had made it clear that the farther (East) coast of Africa, the Contra Costa, was essential to Portuguese interests: its ports provided fresh water and provisions, timber and harbors for repairs and a refuge where ships could to wait out unfavorable seasons. The result in the end was the colonization of Mozambique by the Portuguese Crown.As much as anyone after Henry the Navigator, Gama was responsible for Portugal's success as an early colonising power. Beside the fact of the first voyage itself, it was his astute mix of politics and war on the other side of the world that placed Portugal in a prominent position in Indian Ocean trade.Following Gama's initial voyage, the Portuguese crown realized that securing outposts on the eastern coast of Africa would prove vital to maintaining national trade routes to the Far East. |
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| 1492 - 1540. if you cant get gold, get large scale agriculture, make natives work. die from disease - carribea basin perfect for cash crops (sugar) locals die, need for new laborers = atlantic slave trade 1493 - 1791 the encomienda system was a trusteeship labor system used during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Conquistadors were granted trusteeship over the indigenous people they conquered, in an expansion of familiar feudal institutions.These were laws that the Crown attempted to impose in all of the Spanish colonies in the Americas and in the Philippines. The maximum size of an encomienda was three hundred Indians, and it rarely reached near to that number. The encomenderos had the authorization to tax the people under their care and to summon them for labor, but they were not given juridical authority. In return, the encomenderos were expected to maintain order through an established military and to provide teachings in Catholicism. The little respect that the Europeans had for the Amerindians, however, helped corrupt the system rather quickly. So, what was supposed to assist in the evangelization of the Natives and in the creation of a stable society became a blatant tool of oppression. The Crown established the encomienda system in Hispaniola in May 1493. And while it reserved the right of revoking an encomienda from the hands of an unjust encomendero, it rarely did.The encomienda system was essential to the Spanish government sustaining their control over North, Central and South America, because it was the first major organizational law instituted on a continent where disease, war and turmoil reigned. The encomienda system was succeeded by the hacienda system as land ownership became more profitable than acquirement of labor force[3] The encomienda was abolished in 1791. |
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| 1565 - 19th cent. The Acapulco or Manila galleons were Spanish trading ships that sailed once or twice per year across the Pacific Ocean between Manila in the Philippines and Acapulco in New Spain (now Mexico). The name changed reflecting the city that the ship was sailing from.[1] Service was inaugurated in 1565 and continued into the early 19th century. The Mexican War of Independence put a permanent stop to the galleons. Though service was not inaugurated until almost 60 years after the death of Christopher Columbus, the Manila galleons constitute the fulfillment of Columbus' dream of sailing west to go east to bring the riches of the Indies to Spain and the rest of Europe.The galleon carried spices transshipped from the Spice Islands to the south and porcelain, ivory, lacquerware and processed silk cloth from China and Southeast Asia, to be sold in European markets.The Spanish knew that the American continent was much narrower across the Panamanian isthmus than across Mexico. They tried to establish a regular land crossing there, but the thick jungle and malaria made it impractical. |
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| dutch trade empire - spice trade |
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| 1500 - 1600. portugese control in africa - form for beginnings of slave trade - west central africa - 1st central empire to convert 2 Christianity (religious feeling, better relationship w/portugese, (king, salvation, end of world)) for portugese, kongo means access to wealth, undermine kongo and bring down kingdom, violence brought by atlantic slave trade. 1400 – 1914. In his travels along the African coast between 1482 and 1483, Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão became the first European to encountered the powerful kingdom of Kongo. During his visit, Cão left his men in Kongo while kidnapping Kongo nobles and bringing them to Portugal. He returned with the Kongo hostages in 1485. At that point the ruling king, Nzinga a Nkuwu, agreed to become a Christian.A number of Catholic priests arrived in 1491 to baptize Nzinga a Nkuwu as well as his principal nobles, starting with the ruler of Soyo (the coastal province). At the same time a literate Kongo citizen returning from Portugal opened the first school. Nzinga a Nkuwu took the name of João I in honor of Portugal's king at the time, João II.In the following decades, the Kingdom of Kongo became a major source of slaves for Portuguese traders and other European powers. The Cantino Atlas of 1502 mentions Kongo as a source of slaves for the island of São Tomé. Slavery had existed in Kongo long before the arrival of the Portuguese, and Afonso's early letters show the evidence of slave markets. They also show the purchase and sale of slaves within the country and his accounts on capturing slaves in war which were given and sold to Portuguese merchants. It is likely that most of the slaves exported to the Portuguese were war captives from Kongo's campaigns of expansion. |
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| E1600. develop complex network of investors - provide more capitol together than single monarch. English (east india company) and Dutch (dutc east india company) leary about large empires - spur development of trade routes for profit, not political/religious gains - long distance carrying trade - lead to manilla galleaon ships |
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| 1500 - 1600 *initial thrust of european expansion was not empire/political building, it was purely profit. fundamentally shaped european relations and development of modern world system. - network of trade centers, spread out - network exploited by euros -euros not have man power, take adv of others because local diseases wipe euros out - hard to settle |
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| 1490's - 1530s. early spanish exlporers found aztec (mexican) bird - could live long time at sea - keep crew w/protein - associate with turks (hence, turkey) first new world market - prestige items came from asia, not new world so said turkey came from asia |
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| what people ate and why they ate it (nutritional anthropology) center of human existence - can tell about gender roles, work, religion, economy, trade - can look @ global trade and power by what they ate. transformed by atlantic trade. Marco Polo brought pasta from China to India (bullshit) pasta predate marco polo (in 1279 a will left macaroni noodles to children) |
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| 1561 - 1600's. natural white crystalline alkaloid having antipyretic (fever-reducing), anti-smallpox, analgesic (painkilling), and anti-inflammatory properties anQuinine was extracted from the bark of the South American cinchona tree and was isolated and named in 1817 by French researchers Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou. The name was derived from the original Quechua (Inca) word for the cinchona tree bark, "Quina" or "Quina-Quina", which roughly means "bark of bark" or "holy bark". Prior to 1820, the bark was first dried, ground to a fine powder and then mixed into a liquid (commonly wine) which was then drunk.d a bitter taste.Quinine was the first effective treatment for malaria. The Jesuit Brother Agostino Salumbrino (1561-1642), an apothecary by training and who lived in Lima, observed the Quechua using the quinine-containing bark of the cinchona tree for that purpose. While its effect in treating malaria (and hence malaria-induced shivering) was entirely unrelated to its effect in controlling shivering from cold, it was still the correct medicine for malaria. At the first opportunity, he sent a small quantity to Rome to test in treating malaria. In the years that followed, cinchona bark became one of the most valuable commodities shipped from Peru to Europe.Quinine also played a significant role in the colonization of Africa by Europeans. As the dawn of modern pharmacology, Quinine was the prime reason why Africa ceased to be the white man's grave. |
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| *most inportant transformation food - CORN - most portable way to keep fed - 1550 corn in china, 1520 magellean corn in phillipines - effect in africa - portugese took it for low cost way of feeding slave trade to keep them alive - become cause of widespread vitamin defficiency |
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| 15th century. new Christian subjects - selected as small children - forced conversion and trained as infantry soldiers - ottomans - use religion to create political dominance |
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| 1703 - 1792. Islamic religious reformation. shunned foreign innovations - especially islamic saints - expensive ottoman wars - christian central power - lead to islamic rival of persia |
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| 15th and early 16th century. Jews and Christians who were protected ppl (dhimmi) under the law as long as they follow laws and pay taxes - cut down religious tension - allowed for Christians to be at center of empire power - lead to islamic decline |
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| 6th century church - refurbish as mosque - constantinople - symbolism - religious conservatism |
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| 1450 - 1650. shiite war leaders, religious leaders, follow Ismail. defeated in late 1500's by ottomans with artillery.expand safavid empire over persia. |
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| safavid empire at greatest. new elites emerge (ghulam) - asian prioners of war became persian slaves - some given edu and training - sent to provinces to be administrators - convert to appropriate islam - islamic clerics had land provided by emperor - religious brought down by economic rationality and war |
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| 1487 - 1524 - prince of horse tribe, lost throne to brother and fled - foundations for safavid empire (shiite muslims) lay foundations for shiite muslims today - many conflicts with ottomans (sunnis) war still going on today in that part of world.safavid empire become persian empire . after battle of Childrain, he gets that he is not a divine figure. SAFAVID CAPITAL - TRADE, AVOID OTTOMANS, ISFAHAN = CONSTANTINOPLE OF TURKS - SUPPOSED TO BE BIG AND STATELY - TREASURE OF EMPIRE FUNNELD IN WARS. |
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| 1588 - 1629. modernizer - used euro rivalries against enemies (trade) - try to create sophisticated buearacracy - weaken ottoman ability to expand to europe - never managed to figure out how to manage succession - never fully recover dynasty - leading towards downfall |
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| 18th and 19th century - 2nd 100 yrs war - britian and france fighting over indian trading posts - couldnt put euro troops in india (yellowfever) - sepoys (natives trained like euro soldiers) - france get upperhand and take british. 1782 british have india again, 90% of army are sepoys, fighting against own ppl. |
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| 1658 - 1707. muhgal empire reach peak.expanded empire to greatest extent. He remains one of the most controversial figures in the history of the subcontinent. His religious policies continue to inspire conflict between religious and political groups in India, Pakistan and elsewhere. He is generally regarded as the last powerful Mughal ruler. islam campaign target at hindus - temples converted to mosques - (burning issue in modern india) - need cash, led to downfall - wage war and constant cash crunch. |
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| 1571 until 1585. copy of other palaces (isfahan, constantinople). city couldnt work - not enough water - combined plural architecture and symbolism. height of muhgal architecture - taj mahal |
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| 1840,50's. New Afghanistan leader - british invade - then stuck - then have to retreat back. sepoys revolt - trading company had to be replaced by british crown, english head of state of india. |
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| 6th century BC (551 - 479 BC) chinese thinker and his students - emphasize order, discipline, and self control - would lead to way of life (moral laws, tax system) in the later ming dynasty (1600s) - humans improved through education - tradition adapting constantly - co-exist with buddhism and daoism. intellectual core of dynasty system |
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| 1644 - 1911 (republic of China) step in to restore but instead end up forming own dynasty. farmers from north of wall - fight 40 yrs for power - try to maintain distinction - chinese cant marry man chu - must, however, dress like manchu - emperor was not a god but an intermediary - imperial splendor, the forbidden city - goal of man chu was to emphasize emperor politically and divinely - cant expect full control because of vastness which leads to scholar - bureaucrats |
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| 1368 - 1644. very expansive. last of great chinese explorations. establish trade across india and africa. successors had no indian trade interest (disorderly trade would allow for euros to get in and get lucky) - try to deal with geographical problems - mongols still problem in northern china - local moral issues (woman wang) - the ming great wall - inner borders threatened by nomadic armies. peasant uprisings, test emperor power, fall to Quing |
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| local leaders - gain admission by passing civil service exams (based on classic confucious tests) promised wealth and power - edu began at early age - 3 exam levels - often rebel against state when cant get job - econ transformation - family linkages important - gov job = wealth and access for family |
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