Term
| I. Barbarian Invasions and Migrations |
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Definition
A. Large number of German settlers crossed the Rhine River into Northern Gaul
1. Anglo (Denmark) and Saxons (Germany) began to settle England (Angle-Land)
2. Newcomers came as settlers who set up farms
B. Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms
1. Franks were free from any central authority
2. Clovis, reigned 481-511 AD
3. 496 AD, Clovis accepted Papal form of Christianity
4. England = seven small kingdoms
5. Christianity established in Ireland in 432 AD |
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Term
| II. Renewed Barbarian Invasions |
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Definition
A. Arab, Avar, and Bulgar Assaults on Christendom
1. Merovingians divided Frankish kingdom into 2 separate halves: Austrasia (east) and Neustria (west and south)
2. Power shifted from king to mayors of the palace
3. Pepin II united Kingdom in 687 AD
4. 732 AD, Charles Martel defeats Moslem forces at Tours
B. Byzantine Recovery
1. Emperor Leo the Isaurian (714-741 AD) regains most territory from the Moslems
2. Tried to prevent use of idols in churches
3. Iconoclasts movement failed and paintings of saints in churches came back, but use of statues did not
C. Rise of the Carolingian Monarchy
1. Trouble between Pope and the Byzantine Emperor over church images controversy
2. Pope sought Pepin III (the short) as an ally
3. Pepin III rescued Rome from the Lombards and created the Papal States for the Pope, which lasted from 756-1870
D. Charlemagne, 768-814
1. Military strength of Frankish state combined with blessings from the Pope allowed him to unify most of Western Europe
2. Annexed Italy by 774, conquered Germans, Saxons and Bavarians to the east by 780’s
3. Destroyed Avar power in Hungary by 796
4. Converted many to Christianity with the help of St. Boniface
5. Christmas day 800, Charlemagne crowned himself Roman Emperor with the Pope’s blessing
E. The First Medieval Knights
1. New kind of heavily armored cavalry warrior
2. Principal weapon was the lance
3. Relied on shock power to overwhelm the opposition
4. Dominated battlefields for over 300 years but were expensive to maintain and train
F. Manorial System
1. Big farm cultivated by the village for the common good
2. Enabled lords to fund knights for protection against invaders |
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Term
III. The Magyar and Viking Assaults
- Magyars, fleeing a defeat on the Russian Steppe, crossed into Hungary in 895 AD
- German foot soldiers were no match
- Arab sea power rose in eastern Mediterranean by 800 AD
- Vikings appeared before Constantinople in 860 AD
- Role of Viking boats allowed for rapid attacks and rapid withdrawals. |
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Definition
A. Peak of Byzantine Power
1. Macedonian Dynasty, (867-1054 AD)
2. Basil I and Basil II destroyed the Bulgarian state and annexed its territory
3. Reinforced by missionary activity
4. Translated prayer books into Slavic
5. Spread into Russia and in 989 AD Vladimir ordered warriors to accept Christian baptism
B. Decline of the Carolingian Empire
1. Beaten apart by Viking warriors; created large army of knights which stopped the Viking raids
2. Problem: when raids ended, a large # of warriors were left with no obedience to a political superior
3. Otto I claimed imperial title in 962AD
4. Christian conversion of Poland (966), Hungary and Scandanavia (1000)
5. Costs were high : Irish civilization killed off by the Vikings and Anglo-Saxons also suffered greatly
6. England unified under Alfred the Great (871-901)
7. Danish King Canute II took over in 1016
8. What were the consequences of barbarian invasions? How did the center of power in Europe shift? Why? |
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Term
| I. Rise of Towns and Trade |
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Definition
A. Mediterranean versus Northern Towns
1. Venice founded in 500 AD
2. Role of Venetian Empire by 1082AD
3. 1204, the Fourth Crusade
4. When Viking raids ceased, many northern towns grew in size
B. Decay of Serfdom
1. Towns welcomed newcomers, so many serfs ran away seeking a better life
2. By 1200 AD, most peasants in Northern Europe were free
3. Quality of life improved
4. Boom period between 1200-1500 AD
C. Structure of Medieval Towns
1. New commercial and artisan classes
2. Towns NOT controlled by lords, knightly landlords remained in the country
3. Self-government and aggressive self-assertion |
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Term
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Definition
A. Feudalism
1. Fief = property
2. Fiefs given to vassals who granted them to others
3. At the bottom was a single knight, or lord of the manor
4. Deals were sealed with an oath of homage
5. Result was widespread confusion. Why?
B. Rise of Papal power
1. church owned large portions of the land
2. 1054 AD, cluniac reformers capture the papacy
3. Cardinals now elected the Pope and the Pope would appoint Cardinals
C. Struggles between Empire and Papacy
1. Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV denounced Pope Gregory VII in 1073
2. Excommunication in 1076
3. Henry IV submitted to Pope’s demands in 1077 but attacks again in 1080 resulting in another excommunication
4. Pope Gregory flees Rome and goes into exile
D. Church reform in France and England
1. In France, Pope took control over appointment of Bishops and Abbots
2. William the Conqueror defeats England in 1066 AD with 5000 knights
3. Role of the Archbishop of Canterbury and the extension of church law into more areas of life |
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Term
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Definition
A. The Dark Ages and Revival of Learning in the Latin West
1. Reform of the church promoted scholarly and literary revival
2. Medieval universities evolved after 1150 AD
3. Roman law became applied within the church and at every level of secular government
4. 1200 AD, scholars began to translate Greek and Arabic texts into Latin
B. Art and Architecture
1. By 1000 AD, Europe studded with stone castles
2. Romanesque churches with rounded arches
3. 1150, Gothic style invented
4. Pointed arches with ribs supported the weight of roof on stone piers that could support the whole structure
5. Stained glass windows, lofty roofs, sculptural decoration |
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Term
| I. The Great Mongol Conquests |
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Definition
A. Nomad Rulers of China before the Mongols
1. Liao Khitan
2. Gobi Desert and outer Mongolia
3. Manchuria
4. Jurchens invade China in 1123 AD
B. Mongol Life
1. Temujin born in 1162, later known as Genghis Khan or “ruler of all within the seas.”
C. Secret behind Genghis Khan’s success
1. Organized tribes into military companies
2. Defeated enemies added to his armies
3. Calvary successful in the open country
4. Technology
5. Genghis Khan died undefeated; at time of death empire spread to southern Russia.
D. Genghis Khan’s Successors
1. Ogadai took control of the military
2. Victories in North China, Burma, Siam, Russia.
3. After 1256 AD, Mongols had conquered Persia, Mesopotamia, and Syria
E. Mongol Power and Unity under Kublai Khan
1. Ruled from 1260-1294 AD
2. Empire extended from Pacific Ocean to Poland
3. Very tolerant of others religion
4. Contact with Marco Polo |
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Term
| II. The Breakup of the Mongol Empire |
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Definition
A. Death of Ogadai led to a succession crisis in 1259
B. Problem with Egypt and the Marmlukes
C. Defeated by Japan in 1281
D. Three factors that destroyed Empire
1. Loss of Mongol manpower
2. Weakening of central authority
3. Divergence of Mongol forces throughout the world
4. Emergence of the Golden Horde
E. Ming reaction in China
F. Ming Voyages of Discovery |
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Term
| III. Japan’s Coming of Age |
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Definition
A. Towns and the Samurai Class
1. Artisans
2. Pirates and the sea trade
3. Buddhist monasteries
4. Ashikaga clan ruled from 1338-1568
B. Cultural Life
1. Shinto Religion
2. No agricultural innovations
3. Shortages of metals |
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Term
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Definition
A. Timur the Lame = Tamerlane, 1360-1405
B. Ottoman Empire
C. Religiously dedicated wars using sunni form of legality
D. Enslaved Christian boys
E. Islam Expansion elsewhere
1. Southwest China
2. Java
3. Parts of the Philippines and Indonesia
F. Moslem Culture
1. Mosques
2. From 1200-1500, culture seemed to be the strongest in the world |
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Term
| V. Balkan and Russian Christians |
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Definition
A. Greek Orthodox church of Constantinople
B. 1480, Grand Duke Ivan III freed Russia from Mongol invaders
C. Moscow became the Third Rome
D. Indian Inaction
1. 1200-1500, a period of upheaval
2. Great variety of holy men
3. Moslems never conquered India |
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Term
Part One
- the church lost its supremacy by 1300 as royal power grew stronger
- the knighthood suffered with the rise of towns and cities
- by 1500, European ship captains had opened up the oceans of the world for trade and exploration
I. The Medieval Synthesis
- between 1200-1275, the church brought western Europe together
- with prosperity and interaction between cultures brought variations of Christian practice
- townspeople, rulers, and the clergy all worked together |
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Definition
A. Meaning of the medieval church
1. “channel of grace”
2. Seven sacraments could only be administered by priest
3. Pope claimed superiority in the church and in secular affairs based on Donation of Constantine
B. Church government
1. Western Europe divided into archdioceses with bishops and priests in control
2. Enforcement of Papal Authority
a. Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) and Fourth Lateran Council of 1215
3. Challenges
a. concept of Noblesse Oblige
b. Brotherhood of St. Francis of Assissi
c. St. Dominic
C. Church’s influence and Culture
1. Controlled all of formal education
2. Schools taught Latin and other liberal arts
3. Scholasticism and St. Thomas Aquinas and the Summa Theologica
4. Dante’s Divine Comedy was fiercely anti-papal |
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Term
| II. Rise of National Monarchies |
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Definition
A. Central and Eastern Europe
1. Emperor Frederick II (1212-1250)
2. Rudolph of Hapsburg founded Austria by 1273
3. Central Europe broken up into smaller states (city-states, princely states, or minor kingdoms)
B. France and England
1. In France, King was only a first among equals with control over a small area that included Paris
2. William the Conqueror, King of England and Duke of Normandy in 1066
3. Henry II (1154-1189) controlled England and ½ of France
4. 1202, dispute between King John and Philip Augustus
5. Signing of the Magna Carta in 1215 by “Softsword”
6. Henry III (1216-1272
7. Louis IX ruled France from 1226-1270
8. Establishment of common law in England
C. Spanish Kingdoms
1. Divided into 5 separate Christian kingdoms
2. Continued crusading outlook with many attacks on Moslems and Jews |
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Term
III. Breakdown of the Medieval Synthesis
- Louis of France dies in 1270 and Henry III of England dies in 1272
- Succeeded by less pious and more aggressive kings
- Growth of towns slowed down and friction between rich and poor becomes serious |
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Definition
A. Decline of Papal Power
1. Pope Boniface quarreled with Philip IV of France over taxation of clergy
2. Calling of the Estates-General in France
3. Philip kidnaps Pope in 1303
4. Cardinals selected Clement V as Pope and he succumbed to Philip’s demands
5. Set up office in Avignon and for over 70 years worked in close contact with King; outraged pious people.
6. Emergence of John Wycliffe
7. Role of John Hus
B. The Hundred Years War, 1338-1453
1. 1338, Edward III of England invades France to reclaim lost lands
2. Warfare brought devastation to France; both sides hired mercenaries who plundered the country
3. Henry V of England led attacks leading to low point for French cause
4. Joan of Arc
5. With peace of 1453, only town of Calais remained in English hands
C. The Black Death
1. Form of bubonic plague
2. Between 1347-1349, about one-third of population died
3. Serious economic consequences
D. New forms of economic organization
1. Early unions
2. Rise of mining industry in Germany
3. Role of financiers and money lenders |
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Term
IV. Responses to Break-up of Medieval Synthesis
- effort to develop a representative government
- religious mysticism
- humanism |
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Definition
A. Representative Government
1. Conciliarism in the Church
a. Bishops elected and ratified by the people
b. Great Schism = 2 elected Popes, one in Avignon and one in Rome
c. 1409, rival cardinals elected a third Pope
d. 1417, Council of Constance ended the schism
2. Parliamentarianism in Secular Government
a. Parliament develops in England by 1295
b. House of Commons and the House of Lords
c. Wars of the Roses, 1455-1485
d. Henry VII established a near absolute monarchy in 1485
e. Kings and Princes grow stronger in Central Europe
f. Chaos and conflict in Italy with the Medici Family who took control in 1434
3. Religious Mysticism
a. William of Ockham
b. Thomas Kempis
c. Search within the soul to cultivate private truths
d. Personal encounters with God
4. Humanism and the Renaissance
a. Francesco Petrarch
b. Desiderius Erasmus
5. The Mirror of the Age in Art
a. Jan van Eyck
b. Giotto
c. Botticelli
d. Leonardo da Vinci
e. Donatello
f. St. Peters of Rome constructed between 1445-1626 |
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