Term
| Main topographical features of Africa |
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Definition
| Mainly a plateau continent, but there are some volcanoes and trenches from geologic tension. Some mountain ranges and rivers and waterfalls from rivers flowing to the coast. Inland deltas from major river systems which lead to some rich ecosystems such as the Congo. |
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Term
| Main climate regions of Africa and their locations |
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Definition
| Desert areas in Sahara and Kalahari. Large areas of savannah and grassland. Mostly a warm, tropical climate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hot, dry winds that carry dust out of inland Africa. |
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Term
| An example from Sub-Saharan Africa of the social and environmental effects of large-scale dams |
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Definition
| Zambezi Dam causes people to relocate and epidemics to start in low hygiene camps. There are lush habitats, however, around dams where lakes are formed, which leads to a source for fisheries and electricity. So while causing people to leave the area, the land becomes more useful. |
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Term
| Describe and identify the location of the main ecosystems (biomes) of Africa. |
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Definition
Congo- rainforest and forests, uniqueness and biodiversity.
Dry regions- woodlands, grasslands, a dry season and some fires, mammals exist
Deserts- sparse vegetation, shrubland
Highlands- mountain ranges and volcanoes |
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Term
| Which areas of Africa are affected by dangerous pathogens? Why? |
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Definition
| Places by water and forests, where disease spreading bugs exist and come into contact with people. |
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Term
| Why have epidemics increased in Sub-Saharan Africa over the last few decades? |
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Definition
| Expansion of population, deforestation, irrigation, tropical climate and diverse ecologies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nomads move around with their animals to find pastures; life is based on raising livestock. |
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Term
| What is shifting cultivation? |
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Definition
| Moving crops to different plots to preserve soil fertility. |
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Term
| What is the difference between slash and burn and bush fallow? |
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Definition
| Bush fallow is when crops are planted around a village and have shorter fallow period, it is a modification of shifting cultivation. |
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Term
| What is interplanting and why is it ecologically beneficial? |
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Definition
| Keeping the soil covered to avoid erosion, evaporation, and leaching. It can also improve soil fertility when a crop can capture nutrients. |
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Term
| How has human impact changed since about 200 years ago in Africa? Describe the main environmental degradation problems occurring since then. |
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Definition
| Animal extinction from illegal hunting, deforestation which leads to less biodiversity, a loss of soil, and overall loss of animals and diverse ecosystems. |
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Term
| What and where is the Sahel? |
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Definition
| It is on the southern border of the Sahara (West Africa). It is a population of pastoralists with variable rainfall and much death from famine and drought. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arid and semiarid lands lost fertility and become more desert like and lead to less productive lands. |
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Term
| Where is the Machakos District and why is it an important case study to understanding people-environment relations? |
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Definition
| Near Nairobi, Kenya; it goes against the reasoning that growing populations cause resource scarcity and degradation because the growing population there does not actually seem to have a negative effect. |
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Term
| What sort of polities developed in NE Africa about 5,500 years ago? Discuss one example. |
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Definition
| Nile Valley polity- sophisticated irrigation systems, hieroglyphic writing, and a hierarchy under the Egyptian king or pharaoh. |
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Term
| Describe the major historical developments 1000 to 1500 years ago in areas now called Ethiopia, Madagascar, and Mali. |
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Definition
| Yams and bananas were introduced; a strong kingdom in Ethiopia had adopted Christianity. Bantus brought technology such as iron smelting. Trade in Mali led to the conversion to Islam. The Arab system was introduced through trading posts (architecture, language, and religion). |
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Term
| What was Great Zimbabwe? Where and when did it exist? |
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Definition
| A highly complex society that existed before European contact and had strong points in pottery, metalworking, and gold trade. It existed in modern day Zimbabwe around 1300. |
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Term
| When did European colonial expansion into Africa start to occur and where? |
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Definition
| Expansion started in the 15th century from Portugal in West Africa. |
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Term
| Discuss how slavery helped Western European ruling classes develop global economic and military power? |
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Definition
| It provided cheap labor so more goods and crops were produced and nations had more to export and trade. The force and control over these slaves added to their power as they could be put into military situations as well. |
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Term
| What was the “Middle Passage” and how many African lives were lost through it? |
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Definition
| The passage of slaves from Africa to the Americas. About 1.5 million died. |
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Term
| Discuss two of the factors that precipitated and enabled European colonisation of Sub-Saharan Africa. |
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Definition
| A more temperate climate, strategic significance of trade routes and a growing military and trading power. |
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Term
| What was the Berlin Conference and when did it happen? |
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Definition
| It was in 1884/1885 to divide Africa among Europeans. |
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Term
| How were private companies involved in the colonisation of Africa? |
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Definition
| They had rights to police, conscript, and tax local populations. They had trade commissions and could exploit resources. |
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Term
| Describe the main difference between Portuguese, Belgian, French, and British forms of colonial rule in Africa. |
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Definition
British- paternalistic, indirect, decentralized, and flexible
French- assimilation, agriculture and mining under Paris’ supervision
Belgian and Portuguese- harsh, direct rule, authoritarian, armed force, forced work |
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Term
| Why did independence struggles turn violent in some parts of Sub-Saharan Africa? |
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Definition
| Violence came from white settler populations because they dominated the government and set policy for white interest only. |
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Term
| What is apartheid? Give at least two examples of what apartheid meant in everyday life that was specific to S Africa. |
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Definition
| It is the separation of black, white, and colored people to divide racial development. Blacks had separate entrances to buildings as well as different education and jobs. There were both residential and business sections in cities given specifically to each race. |
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Term
| How did the S Africa white minority get to become an economically privileged and politically controlling group? |
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Definition
| Whites has the land acts of 1954 and 1955, giving them 80% of South African land. They had better education and jobs, while blacks only had limited self-government and limited political rights. |
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Term
| What is import substitution and why did the strategy fail? |
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Definition
| It is using local goods that would replace imports to save money. It led to inefficiency and poor quality because of a low level of infrastructure. |
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Term
| Why have most Sub-Saharan African countries become heavily indebted? |
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Definition
| Because of modernization, import substitution, poor credit in commercial bank; capital funds were not easily available in Africa. |
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Term
| What is structural adjustment? |
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Definition
| Economic policies usually associated with the IMF. Governments cut budgets and liberalized trade in return for debt relief. Removal of tariffs, privatization of government held companies, and devaluation of currency. |
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Term
| Discuss two specific examples of how people in Sub-Saharan African have been affected by structural adjustment policies. |
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Definition
| Food prices spiralled and unemployment resulted from cut jobs. Because of this, other companies provided foreign aid to relieve the debt. |
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Term
| During what time period has the urban population largely increased in Sub-Saharan Africa? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major causes of current emigration from and migration within Sub-Saharan Africa? |
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Definition
| Slaves who were sent away want to come back and also the people who moved to Europe to find work after colonialism want to come back. People come from Africa as refugees, and white populations leave for universities in Europe and the Americas. Within Africa the causes are the search for work, fleeing of famine, floods, and conflict. Some move depending on climate/weather/season for agriculture. |
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Term
| Describe the main characteristics of indigenous African religions and how they promote social stability. |
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Definition
| Animism, natural symbols, a supreme being, gods, spirits, ancestor worship. Rituals ensure the stability of society and relations with the natural world. |
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Term
| What non-indigenous religions have been adopted by many African majorities? |
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Definition
| Christianity, Dutch Calvinism, and Islam. |
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Term
| Which indigenous languages are most widely spoken in Sub-Saharan Africa? |
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Definition
| Hausa (Sahel), Yoruba Ibo (Nigeria), Swahili (East Africa), Zulu (southern Africa). |
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Term
| How do local cultural frameworks affect land access and control in Sub-Saharan Africa? |
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Definition
| Land has a communal nature, held by families and communities rather than individuals. |
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Term
| Discuss one major large-scale challenge being faced by many people living in Sub-Saharan Africa today. |
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Definition
| Women have less education and lower incomes, due to inequality in the household, community, and country. Culture means that they may be required to eat less and have more responsibility. They also do not have land passed on to them. They are being stopped from developing and this effects the continent as a whole because it makes for many less people to become educated and help Africa in terms of work, innovation, and leadership. |
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Term
| Since when have ecosystems been influenced by human activities in S Asia? |
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Definition
| They have been influenced beginning about 4500 years ago, starting with the Harrapans. |
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Term
| How has human impact changed since about 250 years ago? |
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Definition
| British rule had cleared land for plantations and valuable wood, further destroying the natural environment. |
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Term
| What major impacts characterise the last 50 years? |
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Definition
| This is the most rapid period of change; a growing population, rising pollution of the air and water, and industry turning areas more urban than rural. Also, resource depletion has occurred, as well as drained water resources. |
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Term
| What kinds of society were the Maurya and Gupta polities? When and where did they exist? |
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Definition
| The Maurya polity was ruled in part by conquest by Dharma. This included nonviolence, kindness to animals, and other Buddhist principles. This existed from 320 B.C. to 125 B.C. in the greater part of South Asia. The Gupta polity existed in northern India, Sri Lanka, and the highlands. This is considered the classical period of Hindu art, and the golden age of medicine, art, science, and trade. This was from A.D. 320 to 480. |
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Term
| Describe the Mughal polity and when it existed. |
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Definition
| Starting in 1504, the Mughals conquered Kabul and began reign. The polity was characterized by equal taxes, exchange of goods rather than purchase, and a focus on Islam (without it being imposed). There was support for creativity in art, music, literature, and architecture. In later years under Auranzgzeb, there existed anti-Hindu policies and a tax on non-Muslims, creating rebellion in the polity. It ended in 1707 with the death of Aurangzeb. |
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Term
| When did European powers start to establish a presence in S Asia and why? |
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Definition
| This started because Europe wanted to protect their trade areas and found an attractive stop. Then, the Europeans pushed ahead with imperialistic policies and created imperialism and social reform by the 1690’s. |
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Term
| What was the role of businesses in European imperial expansion? |
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Definition
| Businesses brought Western things to South Asia, such as traditions and literature, which made people more English in taste. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Raj was the British rule over South Asia. It consisted mostly of plantation agriculture, political reform, democracy, and Western industrial development and technology. It ended in 1947. |
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Term
| Where have many S Asians mostly migrated since 1947 and why? |
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Definition
| They have migrated mostly to Britain, Africa, and other parts of Europe because of the elimination of slavery in those places. This brought cheap, plentiful labor where these people could find work. |
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Term
| What major changes have occurred in India since 1992? Why? |
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Definition
| Cable television, movies, film, Telecom is now open to the private sector because of the New Economic Policy of 1991. |
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Term
| What are the two religions with the most following in S Asia? Where are they predominant? |
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Definition
| They are Islam and Hinduism. Islam is in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and the Maldives, while Hinduism is in Nepal and India. |
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Term
| How does the use of English in S Asia perpetuate class and caste differences? |
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Definition
| English leads to and comes from a higher education, a better profession, national business and government mobility. |
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Term
| Describe how the Bakongo polity was undermined by the Portuguese. |
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Definition
| The Portuguese needed a new supply of labor for their new lands, so traders supported feuds between neighbors because conflict only brought more and more slaves. Traders also kidnapped people to use them as slaves. Attacks and wars in the Bakongo also weakened it and eliminated their freedom and security. |
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Term
| How was the Kuba polity formed and what sort of political system did it have? |
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Definition
| Founded by a federation of immigrants. The Bushong incorporated previous inhabitants (Twa and Kete). This was a monarchy, with four year terms, and women could stand for office. |
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Term
| What factors enabled Belgian conquest of the Congo? |
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Definition
| Congo tribes didn’t understand the language, so they signed many documents that allowed Belgium to annex the land. Also, they used military campaigns to get their way. |
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Term
| Describe what the “Congo Free State” was really about. |
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Definition
| Leopold just wanted to make money by exploiting African goods and resources. Using military rule and harsh policies, Belgium was able to create a slave society for making money from things like rubber and ivory, by way of export to Europe. |
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Term
| How many Africans are estimated to have been killed during the “Congo Free State” period? |
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Definition
| Population went from 20 million to 8.5 million. |
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Term
| Discuss one example of how post-1908 colonial policies affected Congolese people. |
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Definition
| Catholics took over the Belgian Colonial Ministry. Many people got a religious education. This caused a slow progressive appreciation for European society, and made many Africans “more equal” to Europeans. Also, they began to be paid for their work. |
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Term
| Describe four main forms of resistance by Congolese peoples against Belgian dictatorship. |
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Definition
| Strikes on railways. Strikes for higher wages and better conditions. Boycotting taxes. Raids on neighborhoods and factories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Following of Simon Kimbangu- returning land to the natives, boycotting taxes, and believing in a Congolese church. |
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Term
| Why do Renton et al. reckon that Congolese independence was analogous to a “passive revolution”? |
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Definition
| The way to independence was both slow and late, and based more on ethnicism than nationalism. The people did not seize power through their struggle, but were left with problems instead. |
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Term
| . Describe two of the major obstacles to genuine Congolese independence. |
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Definition
| While urban populations were given independence and could become citizens, the rural majority was neglected and were still ruled by chiefs. Also, Lumumba’s colleagues created a different party rival MNC, which split power and created even more internal conflict. |
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Term
| How did Mobutu gain dictatorial powers and when? |
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Definition
| In 1965, by staying close to leadership and when the army intervened with rebellions Mobutu declared himself head of the second republic. |
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Term
| Discuss what was “Zaireanisation” and how helped foreign powers maintain control over resources in the Congo. |
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Definition
| A program to legitimize the Mobutu revolution and bring political and economic power back inside. The intention was to draw on the strengths of the whole country for the creation of Zaire. |
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Term
| Describe the economic structure (e.g., what were the main kinds of economic activities) and situation of economic dependency of Zaire. |
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Definition
| Production and export of copper, Coffee and cobalt also important. Mineral deposits were vast. |
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Term
| Why did Zaire incur huge debts after 1973? |
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Definition
| Copper prices fell and the economic boom ended; Mobutu began to take some of the profits and put them in personal accounts as well. |
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Term
| Describe one major consequence of structural adjustment on Congolese people. |
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Definition
| Crime became huge; people could make more money for themselves by smuggling and producing goods without the state knowing, so they did. Making money in the formal economy became too difficult because of high import prices and decreasing aid. |
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Term
| Why have smuggling and informal sectors expanded since the early 1980s? |
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Definition
| It became hard to make money in the formal economy; wages were cut, jobs were cut, devaluation of the Zaire because of extreme debt. They became important to survival of many people. |
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Term
| Why did the international financial institutions, the US government, and their allies support the Mobutu dictatorship? |
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Definition
| Zaire allowed use of Kamina airbase on Angolian border and helped supply U.S. arms to Angola. Government liquidated IMF arrears leading to IMF funding, which encouraged the World Bank, Paris Club, and the European Community to help fund as well. |
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Term
| What was the National Conference, when was it, and what did it achieve? |
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Definition
| It began in 1991 and lasted until 2002. It was driven by pressure from other political parties and organizations, and was made to find a solution to the political, moral, economic, social, and cultural conflicts. Also, it was made to investigate the country’s history. The conference adopted a series of resolutions in different commissions; however these were not officially endorsed by the government and the institutions to deal with the transition were not established. An agreement was reached between Pres. Mobutu and the national conference for the establishment of a High Council of the Republic (HCR) to oversee the implementation of the conference's decisions. In Aug. 1992 the conference elected Tshisekedi to succeed Karl-I-Bond as Prime Minister which led to violent ethnic riots between the two leaders supporters. On Dec. 6, 1992 the national conference ended following the election of Archbishop Monsengwo as President of the High Council. |
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Term
| How many people worldwide are covered under the label “Indigenous Peoples”? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are Indigenous Peoples important in terms of cultural diversity? |
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Definition
| They account for 95% of the world’s cultural diversity. |
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Term
| What do Indigenous Peoples generally have in common? |
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Definition
| They don’t live in a state-based society, but instead their own kind of government. They are decentralized. They want autonomy and do not conform (or want to conform) to capitalism. They live in a more communal society. Capital is not seen as important. Ancestry is a big part of society, giving the people ties to the land and their own traditions and history to hold onto. |
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Term
| Why do Indigenous Peoples pose a direct challenge to capitalism? Discuss one specific example from Hall and Fenelon. |
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Definition
| The biggest issue is that their society is often based on collectivity (including land, community, decisions, and the economy). They have cultural traditions built around community, usually with consensus governments. They have spiritual values that embody generosity and reciprocity. They have views that respect the land and positively interact with the environment. Also, their global historical context. |
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Term
| What are the four components that characterise the ways in which Indigenous Peoples struggle against capitalism and national states? |
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Definition
| Leadership is based on consensus and is often made of a spokesperson rather than a leader. The economy is redistributive based on the communal level. Land is often collective and not private, also can be held as sacred. Autonomy, self-determination, and a focus on relationships and the good of all the people. |
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Term
| What is the Waitangi Treaty? |
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Definition
| It established the socio-political relationship between Māori and European settlers of New Zealand. It grants sovereignty over New Zealand to the British Queen. The Māori retained their land and properties and could only sell them to the crown. |
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Term
| How is the Waitangi treaty helping current Maori struggles for self-determination? |
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Definition
| It has helped them maintain a sense of community, as well as language, and communal and distributive policies. There is even an Office of Treaty Settlements in the government as a way of making sure the Treaty does no dissolve completely, even though the Māori still struggle with inequality and discrimination. |
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Term
| How have recent government policies in India affected Adivasi communities? |
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Definition
| Land is being taken away and their communities are being torn down; they cannot live their normal lives without the land but the government does not stop. |
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Term
| How are Adivasis resisting the Indian national state? Discuss two examples. |
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Definition
| They have developed the scheduled tribes bill (forest rights). |
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Term
| What differentiates the Mashpee from the Aquinnah Wampanoag in their struggles for recognition and sovereignty? |
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Definition
| Mashpees weren’t recognized or even believed to have existed. |
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Term
| What is the Fort Laramie Treaty? How is it helping current Lakota sovereignty struggles? |
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Definition
| It keeps their homelands intact. |
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Term
| Why are the presidents depicted on Mt. Rushmore regarded as the four thieves among many Lakota and activist sympathisers? |
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Definition
| They broke the 1868 (Fort Laramie) treaty and took billions of dollars out of the biggest goldmine of the 19th century, the homestake. |
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