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what human group acquires through living together, and includes language, knowledge, skills, art, literature, law and life style. change radically through time.
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•Nile---(Egypt)
•Tigris/Euphrates---(Iraq) - Mesopotamia
•Indus River----(India) - Pakistan
•Huang-He (pronounced HWANG HOOH)---(China) |
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| includes the Bering land bridge, an ancient land bridge roughly 1,000 miles (1,600 km) wide (north to south) at its greatest extent, which connected Asia with North America at various times during the Pleistocene ice ages. |
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| the skeleton, 2-4 million years old, 3 ½ feet tall, Australopithecus afarensis, could walk upright. |
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| oldest fossil human ancestor, 4.4 million years old, ethiopia, both on ground and in trees, female. |
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| . They are closely related to modern humans, differing in DNA by only 0.3%, just twice the variability across contemporary humans |
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middle east, asia. controlled fire, and made crude tools |
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one of the longest-lived and best-known early human species |
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| “What people do when they get together” |
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| worlds first code of law -”to promote the welfare of the people… to cause justice to prevail in the land, to destroy the wicked and evil, (so) the strong might not oppress the weak…” not what he created |
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| The fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Ancient Egypt. She is generally regarded by Egyptologists as one of the most successful pharaohs, reigning longer than any other woman of an indigenous Egyptian dynasty. first female ruler - daughter of previous pharaoh, muscled her way to spot of the pharaoh, never married, “divine”, had to overcome adversity. |
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| glue the body together - take everything gooey out, dry it out for 70 days, stuff it with straw, glue it together with strips of linen, |
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| an ancient Egyptian granodiorite stele inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis in 196 BC on behalf of King Ptolemy V. The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the middle portion Demoticscript, and the lowest Ancient Greek. Because it presents essentially the same text in all three scripts (with some minor differences among them), it provided the key to the modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs. |
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| an ancient Egyptian funerary text, used from the beginning of the New Kingdom to around 50 BCE |
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| one of the earliest known systems of writing, distinguished by its "wedge-shaped" marks on clay tablets |
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holy writing - started off as picture writing
Africa |
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| an epic poem from Mesopotamia, is amongst the earliest surviving works of literature |
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| “father rule” from Uruk / Sumerian - patriarchal leader |
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| a central concept in the Jewish tradition. It has a range of meanings: it can most specifically mean the first five books of the Tanakh |
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| is attribution of human form or other characteristics to anything other than a human being |
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| christianity and islam founded off judaism |
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| was a Bronze Age civilization (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India |
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| Belief that one’s action can reflects their past life. |
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| obligations, law, rules, the fulfillment of your moral obligations through life. |
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1. Brahmins-- loosely related to brahman - elite
2. Kshatriya - warriors - loosely
3. Vaisya - commoners - merchants
4. Sudras -- 80% - peasants landless |
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| husband dies, funeral bonfire, oil fire, ritualistic suicide, joining husband in afterlife - no longer reincarnated. rare. |
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| Important Indian Literature - Rig Veda, |
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| which is a collection of 1,028 hymns addressed to Aryan Gods |
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| one government that unites different lands and people |
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| a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen. |
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Buddhism -
the 4 Noble Truths |
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1. all human life contains suffering and sorrow
2. a greedy desire for only pleasure and material things causes suffering and sorrow
3. renouncing desires frees people from suffering and helps their souls attain Nirvana, or perfect peace, which frees the soul from the endless cycle of reincarnation
4. Follow the 8 Fold Path - right views - seeing life as it is with its imperfections |
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| Differences between Buddhism and Hinduism generally |
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| 8,000 BCE on the Hueng He and the Yellow River |
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1. Daodejing - Classic of the way of the Virtue
2. Zhuangzi - reasoned on Taoist principle - limited government interference in people's lives. |
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| used for pyromancy – a form of divination – in ancient China, mainly during the late Shang dynasty. Silk - used as money |
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1. Mount Everest
2. Desert
3. Great Wall of China
Rivers
1. Hueng He - Yellow - 3,000 miles - west to east
2. Yangtze River - 3,4000 -
3. Loess - Silt - fertile yellow soil deposited by wind |
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meditative - introspective - individual
“no action over action, let things happen like they’re supposed to happen”
society would experience harmony if Daoism was followed
Lao Tzu or Old Master or Laozi - founder of Taoism
The way of nature |
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This symbol is at the root of many harmonizing philosophies.
Based on the ancient Chinese belief of the dueleness, or two sidedness of nature
Yin—female, dark and passive
Yang---male, bright and active
Balance is achieved in the balance of these two forces
They are not in conflict, but instead depend on each other |
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Most notable was Shang Yang (390-338 BCE)
Stressed power and ruthlessness
“people are bad, government needs to keep them in their place”
Xunzi - guided towards virtue |
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| women were expected to be subordinate to fathers, husbands, and sons. Far fewer women were educated than men. Bound feet. |
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| designed to select the best potential candidates to serve as administrative officials, for the purpose of recruiting them for the state's bureaucracy |
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| civilization with Crete as its center and the surrounding Aegean islands and commercial partners - influenced the development of Greece |
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| on the mainland seems to have reached its greatest power between 1450 and 1200 BCE - influenced the development of Greece |
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| “to fight ever in the forefront and outdo my companions” and the undying fame that was its reward |
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| the political unit comprising the city and its people |
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| Homer, Iliad and the Odyssey |
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| most of our information of the Greek Dark Ages comes from these works- oral |
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| a form of government in which people choose leaders by voting |
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The greatest philosopher(lover of wisdom) of all time.
“know thyself”
goes against the sophists
‘corrupting the minds of the youth of athens’ |
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not athenian elite
letters - the opinion piece
Ethics - what brings people the greatest happiness
Logic - the correct way of reasoning
the best government is an elected assembly, strong leader, intelligent advisor |
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student of Socrates
The Academy - first university in Europe in Athens
Dialogues - an intellectual informed ‘conversation’
The Republic |
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| citizen-soldiers of Ancient Greek city-states who were primarily armed with spears and shields. Their main tactic was the phalanx formation. |
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Solon
Pericles - poets and philosophers and architects would flock to athens.
Aliens and slaves - not allowed to own property, could not vote - merchants “Metics”
Houses in Athens: not much furniture, courtyard for women,
Athenian family - small families and arranged marriages |
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| a prominent city-state in ancient Greece, situated on the banks of the Eurotas River in Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese. It emerged as a political entity around the 10th century BC, when the invading Dorians subjugated the local, non-Dorian population. Around 650 BC, it rose to become the dominant military land-power in ancient Greece. |
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1. dreamed of a Hellenistic Empire
2. he wanted to blend greek and Persian Culture
3. Divine monarch |
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| body of humanistic and classical ideals associated with ancient Greece and including reason, the pursuit of knowledge and the arts, moderation, civic responsibility, and bodily development |
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| forced abdication of the second Romulus |
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| a country that is governed by elected representatives and by an elected leader (such as a president) rather than by a king or queen |
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| Roman plebeian nobles who both served as tribunes in the late 2nd century BC. They attempted to pass land reform legislation that would redistribute the major patrician landholdings among the plebeians, in addition to other reform measures. After achieving some early success, both were assassinated for their efforts |
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| A military organizational division, originally the largest permanent unit in the Roman army. The legion was the basis of the military system by which imperial Rome conquered and ruled its empire. |
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| This is the earliest attempt by the Romans to create a CODE OF LAW; it is also the earliest (surviving) piece of literature coming from the Romans |
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| Rome Vs Carthage - 90 miles apart - fighting for hegemony of the Mediterranean Sea - Carthage ships were invaded and they were set aflame |
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Rome Vs Carthage - 90 miles apart - fighting for hegemony of the Mediterranean Sea - Carthage ships were invaded and they were set aflame
II - take the fight to Rome through Italy and the Alps (Hannibal)
Battle of Cannae - defeating a 80,000 Roman army, with only 50,000 men. Killing all of them.
III - Battle of Zama - Rome goes to Carthage ... |
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| in carthage - hannibal defeated and eventually commits suicide - end of Carthage - gave up land in Spain and n. Africa to Rome |
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| Nephew of Marius - he bribed being sent to kill him - friend of the poor |
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| his nephew - ruled for 45 years |
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| fight to the death - face each other or animals - slaves |
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| belief in jesus as god’s only son |
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| miracles, preaching against sin and for love for fellow human, ‘king of the jews’ |
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| birthplace of that jesus lord and savior dude |
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| Those who voluntarily suffer death rather than deny their religious convictions. The early Christian church saw the suffering of martyrs as a test of their faith. Many saints of the early church underwent martyrdom during the persecutions imposed by Roman authorities. |
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| a person believing in or practicing religious heresy. |
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| Muhammad's first revelation was the event in which Muhammad was visited by the angel Gabriel who revealed to him a verse from the Quran |
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| the migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca |
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| the community or nation of believers of Islam |
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| any of the chapters of the Qur'an |
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1. pray five times daily
2. pilgrimage
3. give alms to the poor
4. fast at ramadan
5. muhammad is a prophet - only god is allah |
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| Musa I, was the tenth Mansa, which translates as "King of Kings" or "Emperor", of the wealthy Malian Empire |
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| town in the West African nation of Mali situated 20 km north of the River Niger on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert |
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| Mediterranean economies were short of gold but could supply salt, taken by places like the African salt mine of Taghaza, whereas West African countries like Wangara had plenty of gold but needed salt. The trans-Saharan slave trade was also important because large numbers of Africans were sent north, generally to serve as domestic servants or slave concubines |
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