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- Georges Lemaître's theory
- he thought the universe has expanded from a hot and dense initial condition at some time in the past, and continues to expand to this day.
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- lucy, the first human.
- refers to two very closely related genera within the Hominina :Australopithecus and Paranthropus,
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- (stone age)
- the prehistoric period when people made stone tools.
- the introduction of stone tools by hominids such as Homo habilis,
- to the introduction of agriculture and the end of the Pleistocene around 10,000 BC.
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- primary survival method of obtaining edible plants and animals from the wild.
- obtain most from gathering rather than hunting
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- new stone age
- was a period in the development of human technology
- beginning about 10,000 B.C. in the Middle East'
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- civilization and a historical region located in southern Iraq (Mesopotamia),
- first to practice intensive, year-round agriculture
- This organization led to the necessity of record keeping and the development of writing (ca. 3500 BC).
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- described as two-thirds god and one-third human.
- son of Lugalbanda and
- the fifth king of Uruk ruling circa 2700 BC,
- credited with having been a demigod of superhuman strength who built a great city wall to defend his people from external threats.
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- land between the rivers
- the area of the Tigris-Euphrates river system.
- home of numerous early civilizations, including Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia, and Assyria its extensive irrigation system
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- German goldsmith and printer
- credited with being the first European to use movable type printing, in around 1439,
- the inventor of the mechanical printing press.
- he invention a process for mass-producing movable type, the use of oil-based ink, and the use of a wooden printing press similar to the screw olive and wine presses of the period.
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- a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring an image.
- first assembled in Germany by Johann Gutenberg around 1439
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- an attempt by Martin Luther to reform the Roman Catholic Church that resulted in the division of the church
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- German monk
- Father of Protestantism, and church reformer
- ideas influenced the Protestant Reformation and changed the course of Western civilization.
- said that the Bible is the only source of religious authority
- salvation is a free gift of God, received only by true repentance and faith in Jesus
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- the condition or process of purification or temporary punishment in which the souls of those who die in a state of grace are made ready for heaven
- in a non-specific sense, to mean any place or condition of suffering or torment, especially one that is temporary.
- associated particularly with the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church
- an idea that has ancient roots and is well-attested in early Christian literature
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- in Roman Catholic theology, is the full or partial reduction of punishment due for sins which have already been forgiven.
- The indulgence is granted by the church after the sinner has confessed and received absolution.
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- written by Martin Luther in 1517
- widely regarded as the primary method for the Protestant Reformation.
- it especially challenged the teachings of the Church on the nature of penance, the authority of the pope and the usefulness of indulgences.
- Luther used these theses to display his displeasure with the Church's sale of indulgences
- this ultimately gave birth to Protestantism.
- Luther's popularity encouraged others to share their doubts about the Church and to protest against its medieval ways
- They sparked a theological debate that would result in the Reformation and the birth of the Lutheran, Reformed, and Anabaptist traditions within Christianity.
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French theologian during the Protestant Reformation
a central developer of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism
calvanism is a theological system and an approach to the Christian life that emphasizes the rule of God over all things. |
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- King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland
- he brutally suppressed the Protestant reformation of the church
- he is more popularly known for his political struggles with Rome.
- he advocated catholic ceremony and doctrine throughout his life.
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- a comprehensive effort, composed of five major elements:
- 1. Doctrine
- 2. Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration
- 3. Religious orders
- 4. Spiritual movements
- 5. Political dimensions
- denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV
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- christian church established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile.
- It was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms, and to replace the medieval inquisition which was under pope control
- The Inquisition worked in large part to ensure the orthodoxy of recent converts.
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- The model for the universe, put forth by the ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy
- the Earth at the center, with the sun, moon, planets, and stars revolving around it.
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- the first astronomer to formulate a scientifically-based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.
- is often regarded as the starting point of modern astronomy and the defining epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution.
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- the theory that the Sun is at the center of the Solar System
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- Tuscan physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution.
- His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism.
- Galileo has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy",
- the "father of modern physics",
- the "father of science",
- and "the Father of Modern Science."
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- an English physicyst, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, theologian
- one of the most influential men history
- he described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries and is the basis for modern engineering.
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| Results of Scientific Revolution |
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- established a base for many modern sciences as well as challenging the power of the Church.
- Religion, superstition, and fear were replaced by reason and knowledge.
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- the thesis that individual human beings are born with no built-in mental content, in a word, "blank"
- our entire resource of knowledge is built up gradually from experiences and sensory perceptions of the outside world.
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- an English philosopher.
- Locke is considered the first of the British Empiricists, but is equally important to social contract theory.
- he is widely regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, classical republicans, and contributors to liberal theory.
- Locke maintained that people are born without innate ideas
- belived in tabula rasa
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- describes a broad class of republican theories whose subjects are implied agreements by which people form nations and maintain a social order.
- implies that people give up some rights to a government and other authority in order to receive or jointly preserve social order.
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- scientist, and writer who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch Republic. He has been dubbed the "Father of Modern Philosophy,
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- "I think, therefore I am"
- The simple meaning of the phrase is that if someone is wondering whether or not he exists, that is in and of itself proof that he does exist (because, at the very least, there is an "I" who is doing the thinking).
- used by René Descartes
- became a foundational element of Western philosophy
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- a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy.
- One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment
- The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics.
- widely cited as the father of modern economics
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- an economic system in which land, capital goods, and other resources, are owned, operated and traded chiefly by private individuals or corporations for the purpose of profit.
- private control of these productive enterprises is protected by the rule of law.
- A capitalist political system protects the exchange and distribution of capital between legal or private persons, which is driven by competition and profit-maximization
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- a Greek philosopher
- one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy.
- He was the first to create a comprehensive system of Western influence extended well into the Renaissance, philosophy, encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics
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- Plato was a mathematician, writer of philosophical dialogues,
- and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the western world.
- helped lay the foundations of Western philosophy.
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- an economic and social plan used from 1958 to 1961
- aimed to use China's population to rapidly transform mainland China from a primarily agrarian economy dominated by peasant farmers into a modern, agriculturalized and industrialized communist society.
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- Laissez-faire activists support little or no state intervention on economic issues, which implies free markets, minimal taxes, minimal regulations and private ownership of property.
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- Voltaire was a writer, and produced works in almost every literary form,
- prominent figure during the enlightenment
- authoring plays, poetry, novels, essays, historical and scientific works, over 20,000 letters and over two thousand books and pamphlets.
- Voltaire perceived the French bourgeoisie to be too small and ineffective
- disagreed w/ the church
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- French philosopher and writer.
- He was a prominent figure during the Enlightenment
- The Encyclopédie threatened the governing social classes of France (aristocracy) because it took for granted the justice of religious tolerance, freedom of thought, and the value of science and industry.
- he wanted to give people the ability to further their knowledge and allow every person to have any knowledge they sought of the world.
- The work tried to bring together all knowledge of the time and condense this information for all to use.
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- ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1774 until 1791
- found guilty of treason, and executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793.
- He was the only king of France to be executed.
- convicted of conspiracy with foreign powers
- married Marie Antoinette.
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- married to king louis XVI
- queen of france
- she was executed for treason
- charged w/ orchestrating orgies in Versailles, sending millions to Austria,
- plotting to kill the duc d'Orléans,
- incest with her son,
- declaring her son to be the new king of France
- and orchestrating the massacre of the Swiss Guards in 1792.
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- A legislature in some countries
- 1st established during the French Revolution in 1789,
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- It's like Independence Day in the US but this day remembers the end of the French monarchy and the beginning of the French Revolution.
- when a large group of people in France rebelled against their king and queen.
- began when a large group stormed the Bastille.
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- the Bastille was a prison in Paris where the king and queen locked up people who didn't agree with their decisions.
- To the French, the Bastille prison was a symbol of the corrupt system run by the monarchy.
- this was the third event that started the revolution.
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| Declaration of the rights of man |
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- Approved by the National Assembly of France, August 26, 1789
- fundamental document of the French Revolution
- defining the individual and collective rights of all the men in france
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| Phases of the French Revolution |
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- a period of violence that occurred fifteen months after the onset of the French Revolution
- marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution."
- 20,000 to 40,000 people killed
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- one of the best-known figures of the French Revolution.
- was instrumental in the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror that ended with his arrest and execution in 1794.
- was elected first deputy for Paris to the National Convention.
- took the position that king louis XVI must be executed
- seen as the driving force behind the Reign of Terror
- was executed for charges of dictatorship and tyranny
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- was a general during the French Revolution
- widely regarded as one of history's greatest commanders.
- remembered for the establishment of the Napoleonic code, which made the administrative foundations for much of Western Europe.
- Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of france on 2 December 1804
- He diedof stomach cancer
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- forces of the French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte were defeated by those of the Seventh Coalition
- many states that had opposed him formed the Seventh Coalition and began to mobilize armies.
- The defeat at Waterloo put an end to Napoleon's rule as Emperor of the French, and marked the end of Napoleon's Hundred Days of return from exile.
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- Rate of output which a worker is expected to maintain in order to receive a specific wage.
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- measures of national income and output for a given country's economy.
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- an American inventor best known as the inventor of the cotton gin.
- The cotton gin is a mechanical device which removes the seeds from cotton,
- This was one of the key inventions of the industrial revolution
- his invention made short staple cotton into a profitable crop, which strengthened the economic foundation of slavery.
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- The cotton gin is a mechanical device which removes the seeds from cotton,
- This was one of the key inventions of the industrial revolution
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- John Fitch made the first successful trial of a forty-five-foot steamboat on the Delaware River in the presence of members of the Constitutional Convention.
- Fitch later built a larger vessel that carried passengers and freight between Philadelphia and Burlington, New Jersey.
- James Watt patented an improved version of the steam engine that ushered in the Industrial Revolution.
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| results of Industrial Revolution |
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- Industrialization has resulted in pollution of water, air and soil.
- General Results
A. Increased production
B. Population Shifts
C. New Imperialism
D. Social Classes
1. Middle class
2. Working class
- new methods of agriculture caused the soil to degenerate and increased the amount of land used in farming - ruining animal habitats.
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- social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods
- characterized by equal opportunities for all and a distribution of wealth
- Karl Marx posited that socialism would be achieved via class struggle and a proletarian revolution
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- a French politician and historian.
- believed that workers could control their own livelihoods, but knew that unless they were given help to get started the cooperative workshops would never work.
- The national assembly blamed Blanc for the failure of the workshops
- opposed the idea of a Napoleonic restoration,
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- founder of French socialism
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- founder of communism.
- argued that capitalism will lead to destruction.
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| common characteristics of a revolution |
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| major characteristics of a revolution |
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