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| The humanoid species that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period |
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a particular form or stage of civilization, as that of a certain nation or period: I.E. Greek culture. |
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| An extinct human species (Homo neanderthalensis) or subspecies (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) living during the late Pleistocene Epoch throughout most of Europe and parts of Asia and northern Africa and associated with Middle Paleolithic tools. |
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| Society in which a man goes to live with his wives family upon marriage |
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| Culture in which descent and inheritance is passed down in the female line |
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| occured between 8000 B.C.E. and 5000 B.C.E. transition from huntering-gathering societies to sedentary agriculture. |
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| succession of technological and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture in 8500-3500 |
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| early walled urban culture site based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern israeli-occupied west bank near the Jordan River |
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| Cattle and sheep herding societies normaly found on the fringes of cilized socities; often called barbarians. |
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| a level of social organization of 20 to 30 people; nomadic hunter-gathers, with labor divided on a gender basis. |
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| Seasonal winds crossing Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia; during summer brings heavy rains ( the monsoons ) |
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| First civilization of Indian subcontinent; emerged in Indus River valley in 2500 B.C.E. |
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| Ino-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilizations |
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| The sacred and classical Indian language. |
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| Family descent and inheritance traced through the male line ( as opposed to matrilineal ) |
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| Marriage practice in which one husband had several wives; practiced in Aryan society. |
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| The opposite of Polygamy; the marriage practice in which one husband had several wives; recounted in Aryan epics |
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| The yellow river in China, same river that runs through the Huanghe river basin |
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| located on the Yellow river-region of fertile soil; site of Yangshau and the Longshan cultures |
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| Fine grained soil deposited in Ordos region in China by winds from central asia; created fertile soil for sedentary agricultural communities. |
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| Founder the sang dynasty; originally a general following the fall of Tang; took title of 'Taizu'; failed to overcome northern Liao dynasty that remained independent. |
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| the first Zhou to be recgonized as king in 1122 B.C.E. |
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| The social organization created by exchanging grants of land or fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service; typical of Zhou dynasty and the European middle ages; greater lords provided protected and aid to lesser lords in return for military service and protection |
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the divine source of power ( justification ) used for political legitimacy of chinese rulers' established by Zhou to justifiy overthrow of Shang
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| Probably original priests; transformed into corps of professional bureaucrats because of knowledge of writing during Zhou dynasty in China |
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| Heaven; an abstract conception in early Chinese religions; possibly the combined spirits of all male ancestors; first appeared during Zhou dynasty. |
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| Group who ruled prior to the formation of the Romance Republic, provided powerful kings and organized/tightly knit armies. Imposed a strong government, but where ousted upon the creation of the republic by rebelling Roman Aristocracy in 510 B.C.E. |
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Ordinary citizens in the Roman Republic
( Won the right to elect their own representatives, the Tribunes ) |
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| The two chief executives of the Senate, elected by an annual assembly in which the wealthy predominated. |
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| Patron-client relationships, by which land-lords would aid and protect lesser citizens in return for loyalty and work. ( Emphasized this more than the Greeks did. ) |
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| the military forces of rome |
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| A former Phoenician colony that became Rome’s rival for control of the Western Mediterranean. Had a substantial Naval force and saw Rome as a threat. (Located in Northern Africa, in what is modern day Tunisia ) |
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| A series of wars fought between Rome and Carthage for control of the Mediterranean. ( Punic comes from the Roman word for Phoenician ) In the Third Punic War, 146 B.C.E., Rome defeated Carthage, killing and enslaving every inhabitant. |
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| Phoenician General who fought during the second Punic War, landed a large army in Italy that included 50 war elephants. |
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| Form of government developed by the Romans, a state without a king at it’s head ( The creators of the Republic found monarchy to be against public good ‘res publica’ ) |
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| Repersentatives within the Senate elected by the Plebeians |
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| A tribune in 133 B.C.E who tried to limit the size of large estates and redistribute land to the poorer classes. Senate opposed his plan and he was assassinated by conservatives. |
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| Tiberius Gracchus’ brother. He introduced land reforms and made a special attempt to appeal to both the rising business class and the urban poor. He tried to extend the vote to more Italian people, but Senate feared a dilution of their authority and ordered him put to death. Committed suicide. |
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| ( We saw the video on him ) a successful army general who became consul after putting down a rebellion in one of Rome’s client kingdoms in North Africa, as well as defending Rome’s northern borders. He began to use paid volunteers from the lower classes for his army, creating the first permanent military group. This group had a great political potential due to it’s ability to coerce the Senate. |
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| A general who, siding with the Senate, slaughtered the Marius faction. |
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| general who joined Pompey to form a new government that could override the Senate. He won considerable support from Rome’s lower classes. He pursued his own goals ( territory in Gaul ) and ignored the Senate. After his victory took his troops back to Italy and took over the government, his victory over the Senate ending the Republic. Named himself dictator for 10 years, then for life. He did not abolish the Senate, which continued to exist in name only, fully control by Caesar’s Army. He brought more Italians and provincials into politics at the expense of old roman families. Introduced important reforms and elected officials and judges. He was assassinated by traditionalist senators in 44 B.C.E, and his death caused 13 years of civil war. |
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| Julius Caesar’s grand-nephew and adopted son, he took the name Caesar and fought the Senate’s armies following his death. ( Wars particularly in Egypt and the Middle East ) Won out against his enemies in 31 B.C.E after 13 years of civil strife, making himself absolute master of Rome and the entire Mediterranean world. Reworked Rome’s institutions to better suit it’s vast territory without upsetting republican traditionalists. Created an outright empire with himself as the first Emperor; Augustus Caesar. ( Caesar would come to be the term for ‘Emperor ) Made a successful transition to a new form of government. |
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| Middle class political leader and speaker |
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Vergil - Roman poet who following Greek epic tradition wrote the Aenid ( Linked to Homer’s Iliad and the Odyssey )
Horace - Poet, wrote about Augustus Caesar and the Empire following it’s rise.
Ovid - Poet, stressed “arts of love” was exiled by the Emperor for downplaying family values. Also wrote about history and translated Greek nature stories.
Livy - Historian who wrote elaborate accounts of Rome linking the empire to the Republican past.
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| Emperor. Adopted an aggressive foreign policy in 101-106 B.C.E. and pushed the boundaries of the empire to their greatest extent ever. |
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A Jewish prophet and teacher who was regarded as the son of God by his disciples. Preached in Israel during the time of Augustus Caesar, urging a purification of Jewish religion that would free Israel. Urged a moral code based on love charity and humility. He won many followers among the poor, a fact that led to suspicion among the leaders of the Jewish religion. They convinced the Roman government, already worried about Jewish unrest to have him put to death in 30 C.E. his followers believed he would return and set up the kingdom of god on earth, so his disciples moved out across the land, spreading his message and gaining converts, most of who where initially Jewish by birth.
( Gave birth to Christianity ) |
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| Created with the expansion of Christianity, to play a role like that of Rome’s provincial governors. Headed churches in regional centers and supervised the activities of other churches in the area. Those in politically powerful cities, including Rome, gained particular authority. |
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| Christian leader and preacher. Under his leadership Christian missionaries began to move away from insisting that adherents of the new religion must follow Jewish law. His conversion was vital, because he was Jewish, but had been born in a Greek city and was familiar with Grecco-Roman culture. He was able to explain basic Christian beliefs in terms Greeks and Romans could understand, gaining more followers. It was also his emphasis of Christianity as a universal religion that required the abandonment of other religion beliefs and his related use of Greek, a dominant language, that helped transform the new faith. |
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| “The confessions of Augustine”, reflects Christian influence but Latin classical style and Greek philosophical concepts. |
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| hunting and gathering groups dispersed over the American continents by 9000 BCE |
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| one of the staple crops of sedentary agriculturists in the Americans; domesticated by 9000 BCE in central Mexico. |
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| One of the staple crops of sedentary agriculturists in the Americas, principal crop of peoples of the lowlands of South America and the islands of the Caribbean. |
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| Mexico and central America; along with Peru |
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| a type of complex society of varying degrees of centralization that is led by an individual known as a chief. |
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| Chief center of zapotec culture in southern Mexico during preclassic period. |
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| site of classic culture in central mexico |
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| A classic culture emerging in southern mexico and central america contemporary with teotithuacan |
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| Large memorial pillars erected to commemorte triumphs and events in the lives of rulers or other ceremonial occasions |
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| Mayans system of dating from fixed date in the past, 3114 B.C.E.; marked the beginning of a great cycle of 5200 years |
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| nomadic peoples from beyond the northern frontier of the cedentary agricultural area in Mesoamerica |
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| Originally a Mayan city; conquered by Toltecs and ruled by Toltecs dynasty. |
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| A north american mound-building culture. Lasted from 200-500 C.E. |
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| last of the mound-building cultures of North America flourished between 800 and 1300 C.E. |
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| a prehistoric cheifdom near Tuscaloosa, Alabama |
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| Mounds state historic site is the area of an ancident indigenous city ( ca. 600-1400 C.E. ) |
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| "the anicent ones" culture located in southwestern united states. Flourished from 200-1200 C.E. |
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| circular pit in anasazi and other communities used for religious meetings by men in the society |
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| high valleys and steppes lined between the two major chains of the andes mountains |
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| One of the principal manings of establishing a calendar; based on cycles of moon. |
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| Calendrical system based on solar year; typical of all civilization |
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| appeared in highlands of andes between 1800 and 1200 B.C.E |
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| flourished in andes north of chavin culture on moche valley betwen 200 and 700 C.E. |
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| large centered for regional chiefdoms between 300 and 900 C.E.; located in southern peru |
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| regional andean chiefdom that flourished from 800 to 1465 ce; fell to incas |
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| households in andean societies that recgonized some form of kinship; traded descent from some common, sometimes mythical ancestor |
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| group of clans centered at Kuzco that were able to create empire incorporating various indian cultures; term also used for leader of Empire |
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| Ayllu chiefs with privileges of dress and access to resources; community leaders among Andean Societies. |
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| sacred spirits and powers that recited and appeared in caves, mountains, rocks, rivers, and other natural phenomenon, typical of Andean societies |
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| dry zone extending from Sudan in the east to Senegal in the west, seperating the sahara from the tropical regions of western and central africa ) |
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| This group reunited China at the end of the 3rd century B.C.E. ending centuries of political division and social disorder ( warring states era ) |
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| First Emperor of China, defeated the last rival states of the Qin empire and unified China, created 36 provinces in the place of the former states. |
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| Philospher who believed social harmony depended on each person's accepting his or her alloted place and performing tasks of his or her social stration. |
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| Follower of Confucious who assumed humans where inclined to be good. Stressed the consent of the common people as basis for political power. |
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| 2nd Century B.C.E. follower of confucious, argued that humans were inclined to be lazy and evil and a strong authoritarian government was necassary to curb people's selfish desires etc. his views bolstered powers of the legalists |
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| Cosmis forces and source of all relation with which an individual could become attuned through the contemplation of nature, created by Laozi |
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| Felt the main responsibility of the state with regard to the people was to enforce strict laws with harsh punishments for offenders |
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| Completed by creating new and connecting previous sections of already existing structures during the reign of Shi Huangdi |
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| The founder of one of the longest-lived and most illustrious dynasties, the Han after the fall of the Qin dynasty. |
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| Powerful dynasty that rose to power following the fall of the Qin dynasty, beaucratic centralization etc. |
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| The Han Capital at Xian where the Emperor, his family, servants, and closest advisors were permitted entry. Surrounded by admin buildings and palaces. |
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| Men who has been castrated to make them reliable guardians of the emperor's wives and concubines - held power of influence over the emperor through their wives families. |
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| A great conqueror, emerged in 550 B.C.E. and established the Persian Empire, the successor state to Mesopotamian Empires. His successor was Darius, who sought to centralize laws and tax collection. |
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a major new religion in which Persia was the center; emphasized the importance of personal moral choice in picking one side or the other, with a "last judgement" deciding the eternal fate of each person.
Revised the polytheistic religious tradition of the Summerians -> life = good vs evil.
More spiritual than that of the greeks, for it did not involve humanlike gods. |
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| culture derived from the Greek civilization that flourished between 800 and 400 B.C.E. period during which Alexander the Great's reach extended into Persia. |
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| Culture that emphasized that which existed in greek culture. |
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| Focused on the legendary Mycenean war with Troy, written by Homer. |
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| Written by homer, the second part of Iliad |
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| Greek word for city-state government that is the origin of our word for politics. |
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| a reformer in 6th century Athens, set up laws that would ease the burden of debts on the farmers by prohibiting slavery for such debts. The idea developed that laws could be written down and revised rather than passed down and unaltered. |
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| the tutor of Plato, who mentored Aristotle. Urged people to consider the bases of right action in terms of rational reflection on goats and consuquences. |
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| All decisions of the state emnate from this body or had to be approved by it, and all citizens could debate or propose ideas in assembly meetings; as opposed to elected repersentatives. |
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| Mid-5th century B.C.E. was an aristrocrat who managed to direct affairs year after year through wise manipulation of political groups and his own presitge without formal office -- showed the athenian government was shaped by considerable behind-the-scenes control. |
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| Greek city states joined in regular celebrations such as this during the time from 750 to 420 B.C.E. |
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| Religious organization in greek whose predictions and advice were widely sought. |
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| Greeks largest threat, and as a result, the wars fought to stave it off. Contained many dramatic moments including that of the 300 spartans. |
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| Athens formed an empire of it's own and organized an alliance of lesser Greek cities, creating a group headed by an Athenian admiral. |
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| Athens vs. Spartan which was started in 431 B.C.E when a Spartan force marched into Athenian territory. 404 B.C.E. Spartan General cut off the Athenian food supply, forcing Athens to surrender. |
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| A week and divided Greece was conquered by the Macedonians, who built an Empire under Alexander the Great. Established the Macedonian dyansty, which conquered first greece then the persian empire. |
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| ruler of the kingdom of Macedon who strengthened the monarchy and developed a strong army and reorganized a chaotic Greece. |
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| Defeated the main Persian Army led by it's Emperor in Syria in 333 B.C.E. promoted hellenistic cultures, extended the rule of macedon. |
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| City in North Africa named for Alexander the Great. |
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| One of three major regional dynasties following the death of Alexander the great, ruled in Egypt. Ended with the suicide of Queen Cleopatra and her husband Mark Antony in 31 B.C.E. ( fell to Octavian, Roman Empire ) |
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| One of three major regional dynasties that emerged as a result of the death of Alexander the great; in Mesopotamia |
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| One of three major regional dynasties that emerged as a result of the death of Alexander the great; in Macedonia and Greece |
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| the most important Greek philospher and teacher of Alexander the great, maintained Socrates ethical system by stressing the importance of moderation in human behavior against the instability of political life in athens and the excess of gods. |
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| emphasized an inner moral independance, to be cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery. |
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| 5th century B.C.E. philospher who devised an ideal government structure in which philosphers would rule. |
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| Athenian Dramatist who wrote Oedipus Rex |
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| Athenian playwrite, used similiar beliefs in the limitations of human expierence to produce comedies poking fun at human nature. |
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| Styles of greek architechture |
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| Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian |
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| conquered indigenous population of Spartan city-state; provided agricultural labor of Spartan landowers; only semi-free and largest population of Spartan Poleis. |
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| Mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent; site of the Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms or warrior Republics. |
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| Broad social categories in Indian life. |
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| People at the very bottom of Indian Social structure who preformed the most despised tasks in Indian society ( i.e. leather workers, human waste movers etc. ) |
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| Indian cultural hero who was celebrated in the great epic Ramayana |
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| The fruits of one's behavior |
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| Reincarnation, used to justify why some people may be born as Brahman and another as an Untouchable. |
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| The idea that the human soul will be reborn into another incarnation. |
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| Indian epics related orally long before being written down. Star Rama, indian folk cultural hero. |
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| an astute advisor to changdragupta maurya, he and his political strategist described the techniques a ruler must use to attain and maintain his power. |
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| Political book, treatise on statecraft that dominated political thinking during Chandragupta's reign and the centuries that followed. |
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| Leader of the Maruyan Empire who converted to Buddhism and helped spread it through India, and into central asia, including China. |
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| stone shrines built to house pieces of bone or hair or personal possesions believed to be relics of the buddha; preseved budddhist architechtural forms. |
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| Later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosphical ideas; utilized by Brahmans to restore their religious authority. |
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| Shiva, Vishnu, Kali, Lakshimi |
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| Supporters of the Brahmans who ruled Indian, built an empire that by the end of the 4th century C.E. extended across most of Northern India. |
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| The Signet Ring of Rakshasa ( Mudra Rakshasa ) |
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| One of the greatest Dramas produced in the Gupta Epoch, King Chadragupta prostrates himself before his teacher and advisor, Chanyaka in it. |
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| Cosmic diagrams that were measured precisely and laid out according to established conventions. |
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| Like the Brahmans, taught religious and philsophical views and ideas. |
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| A indian poet, wrote the "cloud messenger" |
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| Written by Vatsayan, depicts how the life of a young man should ideally be lived. |
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| The last of the truly able Gupta Monarchs, after his death nomadic invaders broke into the empire and finished it off. |
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| two-winged biting fly that feeds on the blood of humans and animals and is responsible for transmitting several diseases, limited the use of horses. |
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| A civilization located in the forests of central Nigeria, culture was characterized by the use of iron as well as impressive sculptures. |
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| A region of city-states that developed in Northern Nigeria, people knew bronze working. It is recgonized for it's historical importance and cultural leadership. |
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| originated in eastern Nigeria in west Africa. Their migration was sparked with the growth of population & the drying of the Sahara. They spoke proto-Bantu which is the language from which we get most of today’s sub-Saharan languages. |
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(one of few pure hunting societies left in Africa following Bantu migration) way of life was different that of most Africans. Agricultural & herding societies w/ the knowledge of ironworking were found throughout sub-Saharan Africa.
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| a christian kingdom that surpassed Moroe in importance around the 1st century C.E. |
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| Trading state; (country on the northern coast of the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa ) |
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| The capital of Ghana; divided in two cities about 6 miles apart. One was where the king & his people were, there were also buildings for worship & shrines. The second city was inhabited by Muslim traders, religious leaders, and scholars. |
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| 11th century , a new movement followers were called Almoravids (puritanical reformist) swept across Morocco & Spain. They took control of the gold trade across the Sahara. 1076 Ghana was conquered by them & a new fusion of Sudanic & Saharan people took place. |
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| The state remained for a while but the growth of Islam ended Ghana and a new kingdom took its place; ruled much of the ancient kingdom of Ghana & from the bend of the Niger river to the Atlantic coast. |
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| (ancient Indo-European people who lived in central and western Europe) stretched from Spain northward & into the British Isles. Organization was in small regional kingdoms w/ fierce warrior leaders. They mixed agricultural & hunting economies. They had no cities & no writings. Romans saw them as peoples barbarians. Some Celts came under Roman influence |
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| Germanic people populated the northwestern portion of the European continent. To the Roman these were pure & simple barbarians. |
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| 5th century CE, some regional kingdoms were formed in Bulgaria. Also trading cities were formed where agriculture & manufacturing of iron occurred. |
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| sparked by the wave of immigrants to the islands). They were a hunter-gathering people who lived in dug out pits. Because of no political upheavals from the mainland a distinctive Japanese language, culture, & physical appearance arose. They displaced the Ainu, which where there before them, then later conquered them building a strong sense of cultural & ethnic identity. |
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| is this period when the mainland introduced wet-rice agriculture & ironworking into Japan; until the early part of the 5th century CE, all of Japan was separated into small clans ruled by the warrior aristocracy |
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| the importance of women even went as far as the creation of the earth. Worship to Amaterasu (sun goddess) played a central role. Her worship became the center element of; (religion created by the islands people) |
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| gained power over the other clans they claimed Shinto as their religion & the priest-chief heads claimed that they were descendents of the Amaterasu herself. In the later part of the 4th century their sway also extended to southern Korea. This leads to profound changes to Japanese culture & society. |
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| . the Polynesians speak about 30 related languages from the family of languages called; (spoken in Taiwan, parts of Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, New Zealand, and Madagascar) |
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| (compilation of islands w/ Hawaii to the north, New Zealand to the south, & Easter Island far to the east) |
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| Polynesians used these great double canoes for ong distance voyages. |
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| 300 CE, islands settled in two waves of migrations. In 1810,used British weapons & advisor resulting in unified Hawaiian kingdom |
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| Sacredness derived from lineage, along with power and authority. Enabled rulers in Hawai'i to extract labor or tribute from their subjects. |
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| High chief in hawai'i that claimed descent from the gods. |
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| in the view of the hierarchy the commoners were considered to live a seperate live of "taboos", or this. |
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| Tribles living in New Zealand that had to adapt to the colder weather than that of the Polynesian islands from which these people came. |
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| Maori tribe were divided into subgroups) were the primary unit of identity & community. Each hapu was led by a male chief that was a skillful warrior. Chieftainships were hereditary. |
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| Leaders of the Daoists in 184 C.E.. Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184 C.E. in China promising a golden age to be brought about by divine magic. (p.215) |
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| This was the dynasty that succeeded the Han in China. They emerged from strong rulers in northern China and united all of northern China and reconquered southern China. (p. 217);Tried to expand into Korea and central Asia, but this only brought on the financial collapse, along with rebellions. |
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Dynasty that was established in 618 C.E. that took over after the Sui Dynasty. This dynasty was more stable than the Sui dynasty. (p.217)
-Emperor was T’ai Tsung |
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Ruler (regional prince) who followed Guptas in India and who briefly constructed a loose empire in northern India between 616 and 657 C.E. (p.217)
-Broke the hold of the Huns in the northwest about 530 C.E. |
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| This is what the northern regional princes were collectively called, and they emphasized military prowess. These princes were in western India. |
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| Was a mother goddess within Hinduism; widely spread following collapse of Guptas; encouraged new emotionalism in religious ritual. (p.217) |
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Roman emperor who ruled from 284 to 305 C.E. and restored the later empire by improved administration and tax collection. (p.220)
-regulation of the dwindling economy increased
-also tried to monopolize political loyalty by increasing the pressure to worship the emperor as god.
-persecuted Christians with particular viciousness for not rendering to Caesar and |
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Roman emperor from 312 to 337 C.E. who established a second capital at Constantinople and also attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify the empire spiritually. (p.220)
-set up a second capital to regulate the eastern half of the empire more efficiently.
-extended toleration of people and adopted Christianity as his own faith. |
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The eastern half of the Roman Empire following the collapse of the western half of the old empire; it retained the Mediterranean culture, particularly Greek; It later lost Palestine, Syria, and Egypt to Islam; capital at Constantinople. (p.220)
-This eastern empire was a product of the Hellenistic era and late imperial Rome, and it demonstrated great survival power. |
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| Mahayana was the Chinese version of Buddhism. T placed considerable emphasis on Buddha as god or savior. (p.223) |
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| These were Buddhist holy men who built up spiritual merits during their lifetimes. They believed that prayer even after death could aid people to achieve reflected holiness. (p.223) |
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| Holy men and women, often martyrs, who were revered in Christianity as models of Christian lifestyles; built up treasury of merit that could be tapped by more ordinary Christians. |
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| The Pope is the Bishop of Rome and is the head of the Christian Church in Western Europe. |
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Christian council that met in 325 C.E. to determine orthodoxy with respect to the Trinity and also insisted on divinity of all persons of the Trinity. (p.224)
-debated a doctrine known as Arianism, which argued that Christ was divine but not of the same nature as God the Father.
-resulted in the Nicene Creed and it insisted on the shared divinity of all three parts of the Trinity. |
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: Was a pope who clearly established the papacy as the supreme authority in Western Europe. (p.224)
-Born a Roman aristocrat
-faced the rapid collapse of the empire
-negotiated with German rulers to save the city of Rome and used their backing to assert his authority over church leaders in France and elsewhere.
-competed with the patriarch of Alexandria for spiritual primacy in Christianity
-centralized the Western church and standardized its rituals, prayers, and doctrine |
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Augustine was a saint and is found in chapter 7. He was an influential church father and theologian who lived from 354-430 C.E.; born in Africa and ultimately bishop of Hippo in Africa. He was the champion of Christian doctrine against various heresies and very important in the long term development of Christian thought on such issues as predestination. (p.155)
-Confessions of Augustine were thoroughly Christian but reflected Latin classical style and Greek philosophical concepts. |
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Founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; established Benedictine Rule in the 6th century; paralleled development of Basil’s rules in Byzantine Empire. (p.224)
-started a monastery to demonstrate the true holy life to Italian peasants in a region still worshipping the sun god Apollo.
-urged a disciplined life with prayer and spiritual development alternating with hard work in agriculture and study. |
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| Organized monasticism in the 4th century; Greece, turkey, and egypt |
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