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| The Abbasids won the caliphate by open rebellion in 750, aided by exploitation of pious dissatisfaction with Umayyad worldliness, non-Arab Muslim resentment of Arab preference. |
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| located about 30 miles northeast of Mexico City, grew into a great city known to be Mesoamerica’s first city-state dominating central Mexico for many centuries and being a huge influence on Mesoamerica |
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| a young concubine of the strong emperor, had so entranced his weak heir by her charms that when he succeeded to the throne, she was recalled from the nunnery to which all the former wives of deceased emperors were routinely consigned and installed at the court, she poisoned or otherwise removed her rivals and became his empress, she murdered all statesmen who opposed her |
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| grandson of Genghis, was chosen as the great khan in 1260, founder of Yuan Dynasty |
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| a Moroccan Muslim scholar and traveler; explored Mongol world in the 14th century-Egypt, India, Southeast Asia; his observations are a rich source of information about the societies he visited; his career as an Islamic judge and Arabic speaker allowed him to journey the length and breadth of the global Islamic world and feel himself still within the bounds of Islamic civilization |
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| Nestorian Christianity was founded by Nestorius(386-451), the Patriarch of Constantinople; taught that human and divine natures of Jesus Christ were distinct and separate, not unified in one person as believe by Rome and Constantinople; preached that Mary was the “Mother of Christ,” not “Mother of God”; condemned as a heretic at the Council of Ephesus; Sassanid kings supported the Nestorian Christians, opened schools to Nestorian scholars, and allowed the Nestorian Assyrian Christians to flourish in Persia |
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| (1279-1368) short-lived dynasty of the Mongols during which China became the most important, greatest dynasty in the largest empire the world has yet seen; established by Kublai Khan; extended from the Caspian Sea to the Pacific Ocean |
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| Japanese religion, not Buddhism; called “the way of the gods” to distinguish it from Buddhism; Yamato Japanese animistic, polytheistic worship of the forces of natured |
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| era of Japanese history when Japan was ruled by a civil aristocracy under the emperor; Japanese government was highly influenced by the Chinese imperial system; Japanese culture stayed self-confident and was focused on its tastes and forms of expression; Buddhism became increasingly learned |
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| “cord-patterned” pottery; earliest form of pottery |
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| (918-1392) Korean state; known for celadon vases which rivaled China’s; Korea’s Buddhist age as temples, nunneries, and monasteries were built throughout the land; sculpture and art flourished; compared to Silla, Koryo was more “Chinese” in government; made up of commoners and slaves |
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| centered on a radically dualistic and moralistic view of reality in which good and evil, spirit and matter, always warred; founded by Mani(216-277CE), born of a noble Parthian family but raised in Babylonia-he spoke Aramaic, Persian, and Greek and traveled to India; Manichaeism derived from Mani’s view, being similar and very different, of Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Christianity |
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| (320C.E.-467) India’s golden age of culture, science, mathematics, astronomy, religion, dialectic and Indian philosophy |
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| (628-552BCE)great prophet-reformer of Iranian religion; presented a message of moral reform in an age of materialism, political opportunism, and ethical indifference; trained as a priest in the old Iranian tradition, but his Hymns (Gathas) reflect his new religious vision |
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| (fall in 233BCE) The Partni were probably the major group of Iranian steppe peoples who first settled the area of south of the Aral Sea and Oxus |
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| (224-651C.E.) Persian Dynasty who claimed to be rightful Achaemenid heirs; last pre-Islamic Iranian empire; founded by Ardashir I after defeating the last Parthian king; Islamic culture borrowed a lot of the culture and traditions of the Sasanid Empire |
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| Shahada (Profession of Faith), Salat (Prayers), Zakat (Giving of Alms), Sawm (Fasting during Ramadan) and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca); These five practices are essential to Sunni Islam |
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| The true line of succession to Muhammad |
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| “persons of right knowledge”; Muslim legal scholars in Islamic studies, some of them also go on to specialize in other fields, such as philosophy, dialectical theology or Quranic hermeneutics or explanation |
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| second largest denomination of Islam; they believe that Muhammad’s successor was his son-in-law and cousin, Ali; Ali joined the caliphate in 656 based on blood tie to the prophet; they saw Ali’s assassination and the massacre of Husayn and his family as proofs of the evil nature of this world’s rulers and as rallying points for true Muslims |
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| (656-661) “seceders” from Ali’s camp because he compromised with his enemies; their position was that the Muslim civil order must be based on strict Qur’an principles |
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| “Body of Civil Law”, a fourfold compilation undertaken by a committee of the most learned lawyers; The Code which revised imperial edicts issued since the reign of Hadrian, the Novellae (“new things”) presented the decrees issued by Justinian and his immediate successors since 534, The Digest gathered the major options of the old legal experts, the Institutes was to put in the hands of young scholars a practical text book that drew its lessons from the Code and the Digest |
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| (reigned 527-565) Emperor who expected all his subjects, clergy, and laity, high and low, to submit absolutely to his hierarchical control, Justinian spent, built, and destroyed on a grand scale; The impact of his administration extended far beyond the boundaries of his time and empire; Justinian's reign is marked by the ambitious but ultimately failed renovatio imperii, or "restoration of the empire" |
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| the doctrine that the popes are the direct successors to the Apostle Peter and as such heads of the church |
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| written between 750-800; designed to remind the Franks of the church’s importance as the heir of Rome; many believed it to be genuine until fifteenth-century scholars exposed it as forgery |
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| first dynasty to rule Germany; all rulers were related; named after their greatest ruler, Carolus-later Charlemagne |
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| first major Turkish dynasty of Islam; steppe clan who settled in Transoxiana, became avid Sunnis, and extended their sway over Khorasan in the 1030s; ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East; they had a large empire that spanned from Anatolia through Persia |
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| most notable figure of Saljuq rule; the real power behind two sultans from 1063 to 1092 |
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| a Mayan calendar that dated from a fixed point in the past |
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| (900C.E.) descendants of one of many “barbarian” northern peoples (like the later Aztecs) who began migrating into Mesoamerica during the Late Classic; near an important source of obsidian; source of civilization and attributing to rem a vast and powerful empire to which the Aztecs were the legitimate heirs; short-lived power and declined by 1100s |
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| consisted of Ghana (750-1078), Mali (1235), Songhai (1460s), Kanem and Kanem-Bornu (800s) |
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| (1312-1337) greatest Keita king; tenth emperor of the Mali Empire; pilgrimage (hajj) through Mamluk Cairo to Mecca in 1324 became famous; brought many Muslim scholars, artists, and architects; consolidated Mali’s power, securing peace for most of his reign throughout his vast dominations |
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