2. Military-fiscal state

– is a state that bases its economic model on the sustainment of its armed forces, idea that money and power are mutually reinforcing phenomenon or entities, mercantilist nations (Britain, France, The Netherlands, and Spain).

3. Middle Passage

– journey across the Atlantic ocean where slaves were transported to the new world from West Africa.

4. Triangular Trade

Trade – The best-known triangular trading system is the transatlantic slave trade that operated from the late 16th to early 19th centuries, carrying slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods between

                                                                   Europe              

[image]                                                                                                                 (goods utensils weaponry

[image][image]                                                                                         liquor manufactured goods and currency)

(Raw materials natural resources sugar,

coffee lumber tobacco food dyes)

                              New world                      slaves                     Africa

5. Maroons

- Largely found in Jamaica, escaped slaves who retreated to jungle and mountainous regions of the Caribbean and were successful because they had military and governmental experience from being chiefs and leaders from Africa. Knew how to structure an organized society and were never reclaimed by the Europeans.

6. Underground Railroad

- was a network of secret routes and safe houses used by 19th-century blackslaves in the United States to escape to free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists and allies who were sympathetic to their cause. One escaped slave who managed to save many slaves was Harriet Tubman.

7. Frederick Douglass

(1818-1895) escaped slave from Maryland, worked with both black and white abolitionists, said that July 4 was a mockery to blacks because it is a day celebrating freedom but they are not free, became a journalist
 

8. Eli Whitney

(1765 – 1825) invented the cotton gin.prominent figure and catalyst of Industrial Revolution.
 

9. Cotton Gin

–invented in 1794 is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, making cotton a lot easier to process in a shorter amount of time and with less labor and expenses.

10. Plantation System

- The division of the land into smaller units under private ownership, Crops grown on these plantations such as tobacco, rice, sugar cane and cotton were labor intensive. Slaves were in the fields from sunrise to sunset.

11. Enlightenment

– 18^th century, 1700s a scientific revolution not basing the way things are by religion but are thinking in new ways scientifically and politically as well.
 

12. Galileo Galilei

(1564-1642) was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. law of falling bodies and put on trial by the Catholic church because of his revolutionary idea that the Sun was at the center of the universe and that the Earth.

13. Nicolaus Copernicus

– (1473-1543) was a Renaissanceastronomer and the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentriccosmology which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe. believed in helio-centric system instead of the geocentric system and he published his findings in the year of his death from fear of being shunned by the church for his beliefs.
 

14. Sir Francis Bacon

– (1561-1626) English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist and author. “Inductive reasoning” based on observations (specific to broad), wanted people to benefit from science. He was practitioner of the scientific method during the scientific revolution.
 

15. Rene Descartes

– (1596 – 1650) Frenchman a mathematician, philosopher, stressed importance of logic and rational thought and was the one who said “I think therefore I am” importance of self in philosophy. Also came up with idea of x and y axis to map out equations and so forth. 

16. Sir Isaac Newton

– (1642-1727)An Englishman who described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. "Considered by many to be the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived."
 

17. Denis Diderot

– (1713-1784) French enlightenment thinker champion great advocate of the encyclopedia and attempted place all knowledge they had in encyclopedia.

18. Adam Smith

– (1723 -1790) enlightenment thinker against mercantilist system, believes in free trade, in 1776 in his book the wealth of nations he argues that it is the invisible hand of the market that should dictate the market, we don’t need the government to manage our funds and if you let it do what it will then it will balance itself out and that free trade is more beneficial to the nation than strict mercantilism.

19. Voltaire

– (1694-1778) was a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit and for his advocacy of civil liberties, including freedom of religion, freedom of expression, free trade and separation of church and state. King should not rule absolutely he said. Equality before the law for rich white men.

20. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

– ( 1712-1778) self-educated Frenchman, published social contract, should be government based on general will of those who are governed or if not can rebel.
 

21. John Locke

– (1632-1704) English enlightenment thinker against Louis the 14^th, natural rights of humans, separation of church and state. widely known as the Father of Classical Liberalism,^[2][3][4] was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers.

22. Industrial Revolution

– (1750 to 1850) changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout Western Europe, North America, Japan, and eventually the rest of the world.
 

23. “no taxation without representation”

is a slogan originating during the 1750s and 1760s that summarized a primary grievance of the British colonists in the Thirteen Colonies, which was one of the major causes of the American Revolution It means, 'We will only pay taxes that our representatives in a House or Assembly [or similar body] have approved and passed into a law.
The slogan was used by the American revolutionaries and meant they they weren't willing to pay taxes imposed by the British House of Commons - as they were not represented there.

24. Declaration of Independence

- was a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire.

25. Constitution

(1787) supreme law of the United States.

26. Bill of Rights

– is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.

1. Freedom of speech, press, religion, & petition
2. Right to keep & bear arms
3. Conditions for quarters of soldiers
4. Right of search & seizure regulated
5. Provisions concerning prosecution
6. Right to a speedy trial, witnesses, etc.
7. Right to a trial by jury.
8. Excessive bail, cruel punishment
9. Rule of construction of constitution
10. Rights of the state under constitution

27. Negative rights

– Rights that the government cannot take away from you freedom of speech, religion, right to have a gun, not say anything to incriminate yourself, safe from being cruelly and unusually punished.

28. American Revolution

– ( 1775-1783 ) Political change (not social/ religious) 1764-1773 (9 Years) From the elite aristocrat class. Against taxation from Britain w/o representation- stamp act (1765- on paper products), Navigation Acts, Compulsory Housing of soldiers, tea tax=> Boston tea party=> Boston Massacre ( 1st violent act, taunted and threw rocks at British soldier, who fired back) Continental Congress> against Britsh colonialiasm. 1)Used guerilla warfare. 2)Would not be able to win without support from French. 3) British did not receive support. No severe change. 1783 Peace. Look at Constitution, Independence Day, and Bill of Rights. No monarch, republic of indivisible for citizens.

29. Absolute monarchy

- is a monarchicalform of government in which the monarch exercises ultimate governing authority as head of state and head of government, his or her powers are not limited by a constitution or by the law.

30. Sun King

– Louis the 14^th longest reigning monarch in Europe at that time, 72 years. “I am the state, I am France” absolutist monarch, rule corruptly didn’t care about the people.

31. French Revolution

( 1789-1799) French Revolution- After 18th century enlightenment, US Revolutionary War, France has debt supporting US and Seven Years War, spent 50% of federal budget for debt, famine because prices rose, so peasants hungry, intellectuals wondering where the power should be church in monarchy, and nobility failing to make meaningful financial reforms. (IT WAS POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL) (July 14 1789) Revolutionaries (of National Assembly) storm Bastille prison for guns. Bastille governor Negotiated ceasefire. Decapitated governor though, put head on pike and paraded it. June 1791 Louis and Marie Antoinette try to sneak out dressed as servants, but ruse is discovered, captured at city of Verinze. Humiliatingly returned to Paris, and radical revolutionaries called Jacobins, called that .1793 France at war with Austria, Prussia, Spain, Great Britain, Netherlands, and Portugal

32. Louis XVI

– Louis the 16^th Louis XVI- During 1789 (18th century) Monarch at Palace of Versailles. In May 1789 calls Convocation of the Estates General, recognizing crisis. Not pleased with the formation of National Assembly of the Third Estate as Parliament, so doesn’t permit them to assemble at Conference. After Tennis Court Oath, he decides to let National Assembly form. But Floods city of Paris with troops who are loyal to him. April 1792 to invade Austria for wealth  Decapitated by Guillotine in 1793.

33. Marie Antoinette

– married to Louis XVI, and after his death was imprisoned and then carried to the guillotine in a common cart as others mocked her, she was convicted of treason and killed at in 1793 at the start of the reign of terror.

34. Estates-General

– medieval advisory body without which the king could not raise taxes. Made up of three estates; the nobility or aristocrats, the clergy or the Catholic Church, and the common people. The problem was that the people were the vast majority; it was majority vote, but the nobility. in 1789, 1613

35. Third Estate

36. National Assembly

– 1789 Of France, the Representatives of the Third Estate. We are Parliament. Go into indoor tennis court at Versailles, swears the Tennis Court Oath- agree to not stop until they have written a French Constitution. Released the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen- rights to liberty, property, and security. Financial crisis continued September 1791 finishes Constitution for Constitutional Government, with veto power for King even though power for Legislative Assembly.

37. Reign of Terror

– 1793-1794 was a period of violence that occurred after the start of the French revolution. Guillotining of more than 16,000 ppl. (Nobility, Revolutionaries, Clergy who didn’t sign oath to govt, and Marie Antoinette)

38. Maximilien Robespierre

– The leader of the reign of terror 1793-94, head of committee on public safety which is where if you were thought to be an enemy of the revolution you would have a not in your favor speedy trial and were guillotined. He eventually was guillotined himself.
 

39. Napoleon Bonaparte

- Trusted military General of French Military (which had success and the confidence of the ppl) Seized power in 1799.

40. Gunboat Diplomacy

– informal Empire, not direct control over territory but making threats and giving influence. Usually economically motivated. British ask for terms of trade for opium trade to export to Europe with the Chinese & they refuse so they are threatened by weapons so forced acceptance of terms of trade.

41. Communism

– It was basically a form of government that had control over social, political, and economy so that they could equally distribute to the masses in order to end the unequal distribution between classes. It was a theory to put everyone on the same level in terms of status. classless, moneyless and stateless. when put into practice it did not work out.

42. Karl Marx

- He was a German Jew who assimilated into Protestantism. He launched a newspaper for social and political reform. Revolutionary, sociologist, historian, and economist. Marxism was movement he started, ‘Socialism’ <= Most importantly, in 1848 he published (with Friedrich Engels) the Communist Manifesto. 

43. Communist Manifesto

- the first communist piece of writing, published in 1848, a year that saw a lot of revolution across Europe by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and it says that a specter of communism is haunting Europe and that religion is opium of the masses because people’s senses are dulled by religion brains are clouded by organized religion, wanting to overthrow the bourgeoisie.

44. bourgeoisie

– the owner, capitalists, members of the wealthy.
 

45. proletariat

– the workers

46. cottage industries

- An industry where the creation of products and services is home-based, rather than factory-based; mom and pop shops.

47. means of production –

48. alienation

- workers alienated from the product
 

49. Berlin Conference

Conference- 1884 in Berlin, a conference where all European powers came such as Great Britain France Russia Belgium Italy to carve up the African continent for their own territories and trade market for Europeans and all wanted pieces of Africa with riches such as gold and diamonds instead of sand.Can be seen as the formalization of the Scramble for Africa.
 

50. Scramble for Africa

- was a process of invasion, occupation, colonization and annexation of African territory by European powers during the New Imperialism period, between 1881 and World War I in 1914.

51. The White Man’s Burden

- poem written by Rudyard Kipling at the end of the 19^th century, ‘it is the white man’s burden to civilize savages and teach them religion, to raise the ignorant native from darkness into light, whites are superior and those who are not white need the help of whites to learn. This was the European justification for imperialism.

52. Williams Thesis

- By Eric Williams, Published 1944; about “Capitalism and Slavery” Argues that the reason for the economic decline is the economics of slavery. The plantations of sugar had economic windfall (a sugar decline in the world), sold in Britain, price dropped, w/o enough power to spread Britain’s Industrial Revolution => wage labor; because you can’t fire slaves. So less sugar means less slaves needed. =>Stated slavery profit aided the start of the Industrial Revolution. Abolishment of slavery for economic self-interest, not humanitarianism.
 

53. Fidel Castro

- Political leader of Cuba (from 1959), Leader of Communist Party in Cuba (Adopting Marxism-Leninism), current dictator. Junior Member of the Orthodox Party; part of violent Revolution. Important when talking about International Politics, and relations with Cuba. Led the Cuban Revolution against Batista’s regime in the 26th of July Movement. Cuban revolutionary, overthrew Batista, current dictator of Cuba. 

54. Fulgencio Batista

-   was the United States aligned Cuban president, dictator & military leader who served as the leader of Cuba from 1940 to 1944 and from 1952 to 1959, before being overthrown as a result of the Cuban Revolution. died in exile in 1959

 55. Ernesto “Che” Guevara

– (1928-1967) was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, intellectual, guerrilla leader, diplomat and military theorist. While living in Mexico City, he met Raúl and Fidel Castro, joined their 26th of July Movement, and sailed to Cuba aboard the yacht, Granma, with the intention of overthrowing U.S.-backed Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. Guevara soon rose to prominence among the insurgents, was promoted to second-in-command, and played a pivotal role in the victorious two-year guerrilla campaign that deposed the Batista regime, got assasinated by cia in southern Bolivia during Marxist revolution in 1967.
 

56. Meyer Lansky

– American gangster who went to Cuba.

57. Lucky Luciano

– American gangster who went to Cuba.

58. Guerrilla warfare

– irregular warfare that used ambushes, sabotage, raids; fighting on your own land.

59. 26th of July Movement

– (1959) was the revolutionary organization planned and led by Fidel Castro that in 1959 overthrew the Fulgencio Batista dictatorship in Cuba. The Movement fought the Batista regime on both rural and urban fronts. Che Guevara joined Raul and Fidel Castro and rode to Cuba in Granma to overthrow Batista.