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World Civilization 2 Midterm
WC 2 Midterm
24
History
Undergraduate 2
03/17/2011
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Term
Phoenicia
 Definition
 1200- 600 BC
 Around 1000 BC began expanding all around Mediterranean
 Invented phonetic alphabet (first?)
 Created Bireme- boat with square sails
 First to develop purple dye (created from shellfish)
 146 BC, Carthage sacked by Rome in Punic wars
Term
 Assyria
 Definition
Mesopotamia fertile crescent
 750-600 BC
 Mastered iron
 First to divide army into specific units
 Peaks then goes into decline and is replaced by Babylon
 Claimed communication with nature (risky endeavor in political planning)
 “Resettlement policy”- conquer, plunder, move- in and extradite natives
 Sennacherib (704- 681 BC) – Civil war begins after death
 created puppet dynasty in Egypt- SAITE
 King Tiglath-pilaser 3rd and Ashurbanipal expanded influence of Assyria but the cult of domination and imperial power ultimately failed
 Harems were a source of political instability as women tried positioning their son as the sole heir to the throne
Term
 Babylonia
 Definition
 605- 562 BC
 Targeted by Assyrians for destruction several times since it was a source of indigenous rebellion
 Inherited cultural traits of Sumerians
 Nebapolassar and successor, Nebuchanezzar 2nd leads Babylon
 Decline maybe from over-emphasis on expansion and wars with Egypt
 10 lost tribes of Israel displaced by Babylonians
 Persians from East take over
Term
 Etruscans
 Definition
 1200 – 550 BC
 Unique language
 Condemned by Greece for illicit sexual practices
 As well as incorporation of women in society
 Revered the theatre
 Accused by Romans and Greeks of being vain society
 Conquered by Rome
Term
 The Zhou
 Definition
 1100-700 BC
 Shang, based state on diviner Kings, began to falter around 1100 BC
 Enviornmental shifts challenged King, legitimacy on ability to control nature
 Zhou rising power up river from Shang; capture Shang in battle of Muye (1045)
 Zhou were herdsmen in highlands; little known until conquest of Shang China
 Bronze cups bearing elites achievements (some of only written documents
 Cups show Zhou thought virtue was an inherited quality
 Abandoned Shang tradition of divination on animal bones
 Establishment of Mandate of Heaven: emperor link to other world
Term
 The Bantu
 Definition
 West Africa cultivated yams around 5000 yrs ago
Term
 Gautama Siddharta
 Definition
lifetime around 6th century BC
 Extinction of desire results in Nirvana, potential rebirth based on behavior
 Much influence over some of emperors until 1000 CE
 Korea-Koguryo coverted to Buddhism under King Kwaggaet’o. Silla and Paekche kings convererted as well and they spread religion from the top down
 Japan combined traditional Shintoism with Buddhism from Korea and China
 Two distinct branches of Buddhism emerged:
 Theravada Buddhism- achieving nirvana takes many lifetimes
 Mahayana Buddhism- achieving nirvana takes one life-time
 Although India was birthlace of Buddhism as the Gupta state collapsed and political instability ensued, many people abandoned Buddhism to Hinduism
Term
 Monotheism (examples religions in the axial age)
 Definition
 Zoroastrianism (6th century BC)- dualism based on the battle between good (Ahura Mazda) and Evil (Ahriman)
 Judaism (7th-5th century BC)
 Chosen people
 Idea of “Messiah”
 Abrahamic tradition with Christianity and Islam as well
Term
 Legalism
 Definition
 Han Feizi 4th century BC
 Fought for highest respect in Warring States Period with Confucianism, Daoism, and Mohism
 Morality of law is irrelevant
 Order above all else
 Totalitarian thinking with brutal police force
Term
 Hippocrates
 Definition
 5th century BC Greek created humeral theory of Medicine
Term
 Plato
 Definition
 Plato’s Republic- philosopher king to have absolute authority
 Guardians (police)
 Demogages- abused democracy
 Psychophants- acts nice to gain advantage
 Student of Socrates, taught Aristotle
 Created Acaemy in Athens- first institution of higher learning in W. world
 Philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric and mathematics
 Allegory of the cave- mind of philosopher is going out of cave and realizing illusions
 Forms- somewhere there is an idealized form
Term
 Confucius(sometimes spelled Conficius)
 Definition
 Kung Fu-zi during Warring States period
 Looked to past for needed morals and virtue
 Golden rule- do onto others as you would want others to do for you
 Cultivation of virtue and development of moral perfection
 Humans teachable, improvable, and perfectible through self-cultivation and self-creation
Term
 The Silk Road
 Definition
 Land trading routes carried less goods than sea trade, but relying on high valued goods such as silk
 Emporium trading using middle men to sell goods over long distances
 Mesopotamia, Egypt, C. Asia and India began to be linked by constructed roads
 500 BC, silks in Europe
 By 100 BC Chinese formally secured C. Asian trade routes known as silk roads
 Important for cultural, commercial and technological exchange around 200 CE
Term
 The Persian Empire
 Definition
 Cyrus the Great of Achaemenid dynasty Persia in 550 BC by taking over Medes
 Tolerant; jews
 Quickly conquered regional rivals unifying all Mesopotamia with modern Iran
 At greatest extent Persia stretched from Greek coast to Indus River
 Roads, essential for large empire, 1700 miles by 5th century BC
 Darius 1st; late 5th century
 Satrapies System: attempt to divide empire by its cultural affiliation
 Royal Highway- road between Sardis (Greek) and Susa; 1700 miles
 Greek rebellion (499-493 BC)
 Helles point (Istanbul crossing)
 Xerces 480, 479 BC tries to overtake the Greek
 Thermopylne- Greeks defeat Xerces
 Salaml- Greek navy defeats Xerxes’ navy
Term
 Alexander the Great
 Definition
 Macedonian grows in power (359 BC)
 Led by Alexander’s father…Phillip 2nd
 336 BC- Phillip 2nd assassinated, son takes over
 Macedonian army had units- cavalry flanked enemy
 Goes to liberate Mesopotamia
 Granicus (334 BC) - defeat Persians near Troy
 Issus (333 BC) – defeat Persians in Southern Anatolia (Turkey)
 Gangamela – heartland of Persian (331 BC)
 India campaign fails as soldiers refuse to fight
 Dies in 323 BC in Babylon from alcohol poisoning or poisoning from generals
 Diodochi- greek word for general
Term
 The Roman Empire
 Definition
 Octavian adopts title Augustus- emperor; 27 BC (end of imperial period)
 Pax Romana (27 BC- 180 CE) unbroken chain of victories, expansion, political stability; trade opened up
 68 CE – “Periplus of the Erythmen Sea” guidebook to maritime trade
 Scutari – large shield
 Gladius – small stabbing sword
 Festudo – formation; interlocking shields
 Auxillaries - non-Roman troops in military
 Roman roads; Aqueduct system
 Gallo-Roman synthesis - modern French
 Could never conquer N. British Isles, Germans
 Emulate Greeks – held in high regard: Graeco-Roman tradition
Term
 The Han Dynasty
 Definition
 221 BC – 220 CE
 Preceded by Qin dynasty which pushed for Legalism and had terracotta soldiers
 Begins Great Wall to block nomads in the North
 Replaced the Legalism school with Confucian ideals by Lui Bang in 141 BC
 90 BC large victory over Xiongan (nomads)
 2 CE - Han took first formal census - 57 million inhabitants
 “Golden Age” in Chinese history
 Papermaking, nautical steering rudder, negative numbers in mathematics
 Eunuchs, emperor’s body-guards, and various army leaders conspired for power until 184 CE Chang Chueh led a rebellion against the Eunuchs that lead to 40 yr civil war
 Ended 220 CE when new Jin dynasty established by backing from military
Term
 Teotihuacan
 Definition
 Cultural center of C. America
 Easily defended cities and agricultural excpansion
 100,000 people by 150 CE
 Began asserting influence on the Maya, of the Yucatan Peninsula beginning in about 378 CE
 City attracted more inhabitants than it could support
 After 5th century CE, city went into steep decline due to internal fighting among competing factions and over expansion of empire limits
Term
 Steppe Landers
 Definition
 W. Roman Empire faced series of devastating invasions from Huns (steppe landers) and Germanic tribes
 “Invasion” more of a push as steppe based invasions of E. Europe pushed Germanic tribes over the border and into West
 Rome sacked in 410 by Visgoths and 455 by Vandals, by 476 CE the western Roman Empire ceased to exist
Term
 The Germanic tribes
 Definition
 “Barbarian” invasion threatened settled societies in first millennium
 Lived East of Rhine and Danube Rivers, concern for Rome’s border safety
 Tried reconciling Roman traditions and leadership
 Roman titles, citizenship, and institutions faded as Germanic tribes replaced them with their own style of government
 Lombards tribe invaded W. Europe at end of 5th century
 Slavs new culture of ppl in E. Europe
 Bulgars, steppe nomadic group, parts of E. Europe
 Berbers using domestication of camel to advantage terrorized N. Africa
Term
 The Byzantine Empire
 Definition
 476 – 1000
 Emperor Constantine moved imperial capital of Rome to Constantinople in 323
 Eastern Roman Empire that remained unconquered by Barbarians in 5th century
 Justinian (527 – 565) and his empress Theodora attempted to conquer W. Roman Empire from German invaders with temporary success
 Persian and Byzantine rivalry, new invasions and migrations weakened Byzantium
Term
 The Arabs
 Definition
 Tribal (600 – 700)
 Nomadic people in Arabian peninsula, unifed under religious leadership of Muhammad and remarkably conquered Sassanian Empire
 Also took most Middle East and North Africa from Byzantines
 By 8th century Arabs had conquered most of Spain
 Islam: Abrahamic tradition; moral monotheism; with traditional Arab pagan belief
 Quran – holy book of Islam, was interpreted as the revelations of God through Muhammad via the angel Gabriel
 Caliph was political and religious figurehead
 Sharia was both religious principles and civil law
 Islamic scholars filled moral code gaps in 7th, 8th, and 9th centuries
 Shi’ite and Sunni branches split after a dispute over the issue of succession of Caliphs in 8th century
Term
 Ethiopia
 Definition
100 - 960
 Isolation, altitude, and climate of Ethiopia created conditions for formation of centralized state
 Ethiopia, whose capital was Axum, was linked to various trade routes with Rome and Byzantium but also had access to “exotic” goods of Africa
 Mid 4th century converted to Christianity and began to exert more influence on Southern reaches of Arabian peninsula under reign of King Kaleb
 6th century CE experience plague and setback in Southern Arabia as ability to control area weakened
Term
 Tang dynasty
 Definition
 618-907
 Long recovery of Empire in 6th century under Yang Jian who promoted Buddhism and shunned Confucian values
 Yangdi, successor, in 605 CE re-established Confucian values in China but failed to expand into Korea
 Failed expansions of YAngdi allowed Li family to seize power in 624 through Li Yuan who had high army status
 Established Tang Dynasty which initially focused on peace
 Taizong resumed normal functions of expanding and made state bureaucracy more efficient
 Empress Wu (690 power) woman ruling in male dominated society
 As a concubine, manipulated her way into power
 Used Buddhist factions to promote power, but after her rule, China fractures more
 755 – 750,000 men at arms all over China
 Emperors Dezong and Xianzong tried improving situation but power remained in Yangtze valley as many provinces broke away from imperial rule
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