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| The treaty of Versailles was between Germany and |
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| The most important of the 14 points to Woodrow Wilson |
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| The most important of the 14 points to European minorities |
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| The most famous part of the Treaty of Versailles, and the most controversial, Article 231: |
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| The only one of the three nations to actually sign the Peace of Paris: |
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| This central power, decided to continue fighting rather than sign the Treaty of Sevres: |
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| the only nation specifically denied the right of self-determination |
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| These "artificial creations: should never have been created if self-determination had been followed |
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| Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia |
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| During the March Revolution, the czar abdicatied and th duma |
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| Declared a provisional Government |
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| This Russian leader promised "bread, land,and peace" |
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| The march Revolution saw the formation of these:workers: councils, known as |
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| as the Germans approached St. Petersburg, this man seized control of the capital: |
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| This party broke up the newly elected duma of January 1918, and began the Civil War. |
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| Not one of the Soviet "triumvirate" |
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| the main difference between Marxism and Leninism is that leninism believes in |
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| Agrarian basis of revolution |
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| the political position that Stalin held and used to gain power by appointing his followers |
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| Not a part of Stalin's five year plans |
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| increasing domestic income |
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| This man was the first Fascist dictator, and created a "cult of personality" |
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| Fascism is a combination of social progress through socialism and |
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| Fascism used the analogy of the "corporative state: and that each human being was like |
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| The "leader: in Fascism is often viewed as a transcendent character, so Fascism has a lot in common with |
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| The most difficult problem faced by the Weimar Republic of Germany |
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| He defeated Adolf Hitler in the 1932 election for president |
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| Hitler first came to power in this capacity, which allowed him to pass the Enabling Act |
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| His theory of "Perpetual" revolution guided Soviet foreign policy for seven decades. |
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| The key nation in forming the triple alliance |
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| The key nation in forming the triple Entente |
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| The Re-insurance Treaty meant that Germany would not back Austria-Hungary against |
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| Tension before the war led the European nations to focus on these two areas: |
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| Not one of the underlying causes of World War I |
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| This British super battleship was supposed to show British superiority, but it started an arms race |
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| Archduke Ferdinand was assassinated in this Bosnian city |
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| By backing Austria-Hungary against Serbia, Germany |
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| The Schlieffen Plan was Germany's plan to quickly defeat this nation |
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| The Schlieffen Plan called for Germany to invade this nation |
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| The main reason that Great Britain entered the war |
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| Violation of Belgian Neutrality |
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| Citing that their treaty was defensive only, this nation refused to join the war on Germany's side: |
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| This term means the preparation needed and expressing the intent to go to war |
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| This term means increasing the level of violence and destruction |
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| Trench warfare meant that World War One became a war of |
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| This country came in on the Allied side, despite being allied to Germany before the war: |
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| This nation joined the Central Powers to get back at the Balkan nations and Russia |
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| In the Zimmermann Note, Germany sough the aid of this nation against the United States |
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| The United States entered the war when Germany |
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| resumed Unrestricted Submarine Warfare |
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| This event allowed the United States to enter the war "Top make the world safe for Democracy" |
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| This "big push" attack, broke the back of Russia, the nation that launched it |
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| The culmination of WWI escalation, this "Secret" weapon broke the deadlock in France: |
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| The first nation to seek a separate peace: |
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| President Wilson's 14 points were designed to |
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| This nation used the 14 Points for the basis of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk |
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| One of the 14 points, guaranteeing each Nation should choose its own future |
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| This organization was to guarantee the 14th Point, collective security |
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| Money and payments of the vanquished to the victor to pay for damages |
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| A way for colonies to learn democracy, but really looked like Compensation |
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| Term for when a ruler relinquishes his rights to throne in favor of another person |
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| Term for a temporary government that will rule until a permanent on is created |
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| A local worker’s council that seized power in small cities all over Russia |
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| Popular name for the second Russian Revolution that took place in November |
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| The party of Lenin, calling itself the majority of Communists in Russia |
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| Russian form of the “dictatorship of the proletariat,” literally the Political Office: |
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| Trotsky’s theory on how to take over the world, permanent or___ revolution |
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| The creation of a mystique, a persona, or a sense of awe about a leader: |
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| Italy’s combination of Socialism and Nationalism, it is the name of the movement: |
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| The analogy of the nation as a living body with many cells and functions: |
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| The Fascist party of Francisco Franco and Spain: |
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| The Fascist party of Adolph Hitler and Germany |
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| Hitler’s first and failed attempt to seize power in Germany |
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| The 1938 German pogrom against the Jews |
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| The act of trading land for peace and security, followed by Britain & France |
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| The act of ignoring foreign problems believing they’re too far away to hurt you |
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| Using Tanks and Airplanes to rapidly punch holes in the enemy lines |
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| The agreement to end “forces of oppression” everywhere in the world: |
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| A battle where the side that was losing wins, and never loses again |
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| The American strategy for fighting in the Pacific while concentrating on Europe |
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| The official name of the Allies during World War II: |
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| build weapons for britain |
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pledged the United States and Great Britain to the destruction of “forces of oppression” anywhere in the world. This document became the cornerstone of the Western Alliance, and through their victory, the cornerstone of the United Nations and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
It became the guideline for winning the war. |
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In protest, the United States effected an embargo on Japan.
Entirely dependent on foreign countries for oil, the United States refused to sell anymore oil, as well as iron and other resources to Japan.
In order for the US to begin selling again, Japan was told they had to evacuate Indochina and cease offensive operations in China.
This left Japan with only enough oil to last until the new year, and they were not going to give up their conquests.
They decided to fight. |
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| This Japanese “Blitz" same day as pearl harbor |
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overran all Western colonies in the Pacific and Southeast Asia in a matter of weeks.
This included the oil producing islands of Indonesia.
Only the Philippines, Singapore, and Burma held out.
Australia and New Zealand were threatened. |
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| The alliance of Germany, Italy, Japan, and about a dozen other countries |
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In June of 1942, the United States defended the island of Midway from a Japanese invasion.
After breaking the Japanese code, the US knew the Japanese plans and were able to surprise the Japanese.
In this battle, the Japanese lost their four largest aircraft carriers and over 350 of their best pilots.
Before the war, Japan had 8 large and 10 small aircraft carriers and the US had 6 large carriers.
After the battle they had four each.
After Midway, the war would be about production.
After Midway, the Japanese built another 18 aircraft carriers.
The United States built 129. |
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In October of 1942, the Italians, led by German General Erwin Rommel and about 20,000 German troops tried to seize the Suez Canal from Britain.
The British under Bernard Montgomery defeated them at the battle of El Alamein.
A month later, American troops landed in Morocco and Algeria, and Italy was in serious trouble. |
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During the summer of 1942, Germany launched a second campaign in Russia with the goal of capturing the oil fields of the Caucasus and capturing the key industrial center of Stalingrad.
They arrived in Stalingrad in September, but in December the Russians cut off 600,000 Germans by encircling the city.
Although pockets held out until February, the Germans had lost 600,000 men by mid December.
Stalingrad broke the back of the German army. |
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| battles that were turning points WWII |
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| Midway, Staligrad, El-Almein |
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The main event of 1944 was the long awaited allied invasion of the continent that took place in Normandy.
Popularly known as D-Day, this invasion made Germany fight a two-front war in earnest.
The Breakout from Normandy in August of 1944 was basically an American Blitzkrieg against German forces in France.
This American blitzkrieg was more successful than the German one, with most of France liberated by mid-September.
However, the blitzkrieg collapsed in September due to a lack of oil.
This led to the failed British attempt to bridge the Rhine with paratroopers, and basically bought the Germans three months as the Allies had to resupply. |
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The Germans used those three months to plan a counter attack, which came in the bad weather just before Christmas 1944.
This battle, known as the Ardennes everywhere else, is known as “the Bulge” in the United States.
The Americans used their anti-Blitzkrieg tactics successfully:
Hold the shoulders
Deny the crossroads
Deny resupply
Here, the German army was crushed. |
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The Japanese planned to defend every single island in the Pacific
decided to only attack those islands with airbases.
All others could be bypassed, and bombed at leisure from the airbases |
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In late July, the Americans successfully tested the Atomic Bomb.
On August 5, the United States gave Japan an ultimatum, demanding surrender or the US would destroy a Japanese city.
When the Japanese army refused, the Americans dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6.
The US then threatened to drop a bomb every two days until the Japanese surrendered.
The Japanese Army said you’re bluffing, so the United States bombed Nagasaki on August 9, re-issuing the ultimatum.
At this point, the Soviet Union jumped in and declared war on Japan.
The Japanese Army refused to surrender, but the emperor intervened, and surrendered.
Unofficial surrender came on August 14, official surrender on September 2. |
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At Yalta, the three(Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin ) decided to draw a line down the center of Europe that Allied nations would not cross.
This way, they reduced the likelihood of Allied troops firing on one another.
However, this line along the Elbe River, a longstanding cultural divide in Germany, became semi-permanent.
Eventually, in 1946, Churchill would call it the Iron Curtain.
At Yalta, they also outlined the post-war occupation of Germany and grounds for Soviet entry into the war against Japan.
They agreed to meet two months after the war in the Berlin suburb of Potsdam to conclude a Peace Treaty. |
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| Wonder Weapons and the End of World War II(Germany) |
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German: Many of the German special weapons were tagged with the letter V for Vengeance.
Replacements for Oil:
led to all sorts of new synthetic materials and fuel additives and substitutes
Enigma - a supposedly unbreakable code
jet airplanes – allowed planes to go faster and further
rocket planes – allowed planes to go higher
guided missiles - allowed remote bombing without risking a pilot’s life
V2 & V9 rockets – intercontinental ballistic missiles
The V2 became the Soviet Scud
The V9 became the American Saturn V |
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| Wonder Weapons and the End of World War II(british) |
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Definition
RADAR – Radio Advanced Detection And Recognition
Led to the development of the microwave as a communication and cooking tool
Penicillin – a true antibiotic that could help prevent disease |
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| Wonder Weapons and the End of World War II(American) |
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Definition
American:
Replacements for rubber:
led to the most important invention of the war: Plastic
SONAR – basically using sound instead of radio waves
Ultra – a calculating device which used a binary number system to generate every possible permutation of a number to break the Enigma code.
It was the first real computer.
Wire-guided missiles coupled with RADAR and Television
This allowed American missiles to “see” their target.
It created smart weapons and eventually would lead to Television and video games.
The Manhatten Project – the super secret development of the atomic bomb. |
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In 1946, Winston Churchill toured the United States giving lectures at colleges.
At Southwest Missouri State, Truman’s alma mater, Churchill gave a speech that warned that forces of oppression were still active, and that “an iron curtain had descended across the face of Europe, stretching from Stettin on the Baltic to Trieste on the Adriatic.”
This was the first public admission that the Soviet Union had become the new enemy and that Communism had replaced Fascism as the primary threat to democracy. |
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As communist rebellions in Greece, Turkey, Burma, Malaya and Vietnam intensified, American President Harry Truman decided to Act.
In 1947, he issued a statement called the Truman Doctrine.
Truman declared that the United States would aid any nation trying to resist a communist take-over.
The United States would not intervene in a nation that had already become Communist.
This policy basically refused to let Communism spread, and quickly became known as Containment.
It is in effect, the exact opposite of Appeasement.
Furthermore, if one studies Trotsky’s contribution of “perpetual revolution,” one can see that Truman’s Doctrine is an admission that Trotsky was right, and that this would be Democracy’s answer to Trotsky’s proposal.
This was Democracy’s declaration of war on Communism. |
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In addition to this political and military commitment, Truman’s secretary of State, General Marshall, came up with an economic plan.
The Marshall Plan promised to loan American money, up to one billion dollars a year, at only 1% interest, to any nation wishing to rebuild after the war.
Many nations needed this capital, none more than the Soviet Union.
However, the Soviet Union refused this money, and refused to let any nation it occupied accept it.
This would lead to a material gulf between East and West, best exemplified by Berlin.
Several nations occupied by the Soviet Union tried to get this money, but the Soviets prevented it. |
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The most glaring violation of rights following Potsdam was the 1948 coup in Czechoslovakia.
Although occupied by the Soviets, Czechoslovakia had been the strongest democracy in Europe before Hitler’s take-over in 1938.
In late 1947, the Czechs had elections and the Communist Party only received 37% of the vote.
Czechoslovakia became a democracy, but in early 1948, the communists staged a coup, knocking off the democracy and asking the Soviet Army to stay.
Thus, in the Wests’ eyes, the Communists “stole” this nation and denied self-determination to the Czechs. |
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| Fall out of the Coup: The First Berlin Crisis |
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The US protested and the Soviets responded by closing all borders between east and west.
This resulted in the isolation of West Berlin.
The Soviets believed that they could “squeeze” the Western troops out of Berlin, which was effectively a hole in the iron curtain.
Truman immediately organized the Berlin Airlift to supply the city.
He then threatened the Soviet Union, which did not yet have the atomic bomb, with war, if the Soviets interfered with the airlift.
They did not.
The US now fully realized the threat the Soviets now posed.
In 1949, Truman organized the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to defend Europe from the Soviets.
Furthermore, the West gave up all hope of the Soviets leaving and the creation of a united Germany.
Therefore, in late 1949, the Americans created the Federal Republic of West Germany, with an American-style presidential democracy.
The Soviets responded with the creation of Communist East Germany. |
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In 1950, the focus returned to Asia.
In protest of the United Nations not giving Mao the vote, the Soviets walked out of the UN in a boycott.
In June, Communist North Korea invaded Democratic South Korea.
The US acted swiftly.
Truman, on the advice of the NSC and their brief NSC-68 believed that this was the opening phase of World War III and that the Soviets were planning to invade Europe.
In the United Nations, the American delegation demanded that the UN defend South Korea, and used the Ethiopian Crisis of 1935 as the crux of their argument.
The UN voted to send an army to liberate South Korea, and thus the UN fought the Korean War.
The Soviets immediately returned to the UN and tried to overturn this decision but were vetoed by the rest of the Security Council.
As US forces over ran North Korea, the Soviets, as members of the UN could do nothing.
So, they convinced Mao and Communist China to intervene, because they were not members of the UN.
This resulted in the US fighting China over Korea for another three years.
It resulted in a draw, but none-the-less, South Korea had been saved. |
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Throughout the 1950s, the Soviets and Americans competed with one another in any way possible, including the Olympics, the space race, and the Arms Race.
The Soviet Union got the bomb in 1949.
Under Eisenhower, the US embarked on a policy called Mutually Assured Destruction, or MAD, whereby the Americans built massive amounts of nuclear weapons to “Deter” any aggression against the US.
The Soviets felt compelled to keep up.
By 1970, each side had over 35,000 nuclear warheads |
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Decolonization was one of the steps called for in the Atlantic Charter. Britain, France and the US “gave up” their colonies.
The US gave its colonies the choice of becoming states, being independent, or remaining as colonies. Alaska and Hawaii chose statehood, the Philippines chose independence, and Guam, Samoa, and Puerto Rico still haven’t decided.
Britain and France were more reluctant to let their colonies go.
As Decolonization took off in the 1950s, about seventy new nations were faced with building a new government.
Democracy and Communism fought to “win” these new nations, which created a bi-polar world.
Ironically, about half of the new nations created chose a form of Fascism, especially in Africa and the Middle East.
Also in the Middle East, religious theocracies became popular. |
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In 1959, Fidel Castro overthrew the Fascist dictator of Cuba and in 1960 announced that he was a communist.
The US sponsored the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 in an attempt to overthrow him, but failed.
Fearing a real US invasion, Castro invited the Soviet Union to build its missile bases in Cuba in 1962.
When a U2 plane spotted one of these bases, President Kennedy announced a blockade of Cuba and threatened nuclear war if the Soviets did not withdraw.
For 13 days, the world teetered on the brink of nuclear annihilation before the Soviets backed down. |
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Realizing what he’d almost done, Kennedy introduced the new policy of détente, or agreeing to disagree with the Soviets and agreeing never to fight one another.
This led to both sides using surrogates to fight Brush-Fire Wars in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.
Additionally, it led to discussions about how to reduce the number of nuclear weapons in the world.
SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
START: Strategic Arms Reduction Talks
There was no real progress with START until Reagan and Gorbachev met at Reykjavik in 1987. |
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| Ruthenia (met)Memel Danzing |
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| Eupen-Malmody, Saar, Alsace-Lorraine |
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| Tyrol, Istria, yugoslavia, Serbia |
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| upper-silesia, Galacia, __, Bessarabia |
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