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(1054) – first formal split in Christianity, no longer pretend to have the same emperor or the same church. Splits into Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.
Significance: sets up final adversarial division between east and west, divisions that still exist today. Showed the differences and variations of beliefs within the religion of Christianity. |
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| Norman Invasion of England |
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(1066) – Vikings invade England from north, Vikings intermarry and cultures are mixed. Conflict over throne arises in 1066 between 3 contenders, (Harold Hadrata, Harold Godwinson, William Duke of Normandy). William (1/2 anglo saxon, ½ Viking) launches cross channel invasion of England, Harold Hadrata (Viking) hits north coast, Godwinson (1/2 anglo saxon / ½ Viking) fights Hadrata and wins. Goes south to fight William, William defeats Godwinson and proclaims himself king.
Sig: Viking influence appears in England and cultures mix, William of Normandy takes control and introduces continental feudalism, also introduces the Domesday Book, two changes that greatly impact the history of England. England under Norman control, English king is a vassal of the French king, this conflict leads to 100 years war between England and France. |
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(1066 - 1087) – illegitimate son of duke of Normandy, heir to title and power, defeats Godwinson to take control of the English throne.
Sig: after establishing dominance in England, introduces continental feudalism and the Domesday Book (tax system, influential book still used today), two changes that lead to absolute power for the king and a tax system that is still used today. |
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(1066) – survey of all the population and wealth of England which commissioners gathered for William, this information became known as Domesday book. With this information, William made sure they were taxing fairly.
Sig: ensured fair taxes, showed skillful leadership of William, so successful and influential that the system is still used today. |
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(1077) – pope during major conflict between church and state, church vs Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV, when Henry ignores pope he excommunicates Henry, then puts papal interdict on Roman Empire (essentially excommunicates whole empire, no one can practice sacraments), then releases Henry’s vassals from allegiance to him. Henry has no authority, command, army, Henry finally apologizes and is forgiven, Greg lifts all punishments. Greg soon after captured and exiled by Henry.
Sig: shows power of church/pope over kings, and how powerful religion was as a tool to control the people who were so easily influenced by it. |
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| Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV |
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(1077) – angered pope Greg VII and entered one of biggest church vs state conflicts, excommunicated and papal interdict placed on Roman Empire, even has power over vassals taken away. He only apologizes once he is completely powerless, when forgiven he decides to invade Rome and capture pope Greg, who he exiles and replaces with a puppet for his own purposes.
Sig: kings win first major battle between church and state, keeps strong monopoly on force/violence. |
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(1200s, peak of church power) – act of nobles or kings rewarding their loyal friends by appointing them as vassals. Sometimes this lay investiture made the vassals bishops, or abbots, therefore making them clergymen.
Sig: slightly corrupt process that the church protests b/c they believe only church members could grant spiritual authority (bishop or abbot) to others, however they did not protest the whole process of lay investiture, just the religious aspect. Leads to concordat of wurms. |
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(1122) – church council after issues with lay investiture cause much confusion. 2 main decisions: church CAN accept fiefs, ONLY clergymen can give symbols of religious power (which were given by nobles to vassals when made into abbots or bishops through lay investiture).
Sig: church able to gain more land (and power) through acceptance of fiefs, reconfirms their monopoly on religious power/symbols, making sure it is them (and not the kings) who control who is a member of the church |
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(1095) – socio – economic revolution (commerce and culture), preached by pope Urban II. Crusade is absolute slaughter in the name of God, equal opportunity bloodbath of Muslims, Jews and east orthodox Christians. Looted churches, burned synagogues and churches where people took refuge. 1199 crusaders took land and created crusader kingdoms, introduce European feudalism. Only crusade successful in capturing holy land.
Sig: beginning of bloody wars (massacres) fought in name of god to regain holy land for Christians, crusade triggers re-growth of trade and commerce, more money in circulation, re-use of Mediterranean as trade highway, and provides work for serfs, change in social structure (middle class involved in trade/commerce), land is no longer only measure of wealth. Also cultural diffusion between east and west occurred. |
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(1095) – preached first crusade in Clermont, came out of cluny like pope Greg, preaches to church leaders and common folks of the eternal reward and double honor if they go on crusade (anyone who dies on crusade immediately goes to heaven). Easy to quip up hatred, and spur passion to regain holy land for the Christians.
Sig: powerful church leader who begins the crusades, bringing a supposedly justified holocaust upon those unlucky people living in holy land. Preaches crusade that brings prosperity, trade and commerce to Europe. |
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(1095) – during the first crusade, the crusaders collected treasures from the churches they looted and these became holy relics, or a part of something holy, and they used these to represent religious power. Common examples: head of John the Baptist, pieces of the cross.
Sig: though the idea is good and the real ones brought religious influence, they were often faked and used to manipulate people. |
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(12th century, after 1150) – duchess of Aquitaine, had control of more land then king of France. Married to Louis, king of France, but the marriage was annulled and she married Henry II king of England. She maintains control of Aquitaine and Gaskany to Louis’s fury.
Sig: very influential, powerful woman between the kings of France and England. This conflict over land added to the wars between France and England. |
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(1154 - 1189) – understands importance of monopoly on law and vital not to start civil war, wants to go after Barons of England and Baronial Courts but this would lead to civil war, goes after the courts especially those corrupt and useless. Instates “justices of the peace”, or justices on horseback to ride about the kingdom and support his monopoly on law instead of the courts, makes courts worthless. Also allowed nobles to pay him fee instead of military service, hired mercenaries, had an army loyal to him and not nobles. Had Thomas a Becket assassinated and had to do public penance and be whipped in order to remain in church.
Sig: makes enormous step forward in respect to law, as far as secular world is concerned. Increased royal authority, helped consolidate the powers of the crown over the feudal lords. |
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| Thomas a Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury |
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(btwn 1154 – 1189) – archbishop of Canterbury, refuses to allow a 2nd trial in the royal court, which Henry II wanted, and excommunicated clergymen who obey Henry, they became bitter enemies, some of Henry’s lords took his comments the wrong way and went and assassinated Becket in his cathedral. Henry denied any association with this and Becket became a saint, his cathedral in Canterbury became a major pilgrimage sight.
Sig: saint who stood up to Henry and faced his wrath, his shrine becomes important destination for pilgrims seeking religious truth. |
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(1189 – 1192) – response to Salah al Din recapturing Jerusalem, called the crusade of kings (King Richard the lionheart of England, King Philip II of France, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa ). Europeans failed once more, barbarossa drowns in river and his army turns back, phillip took his army home to seize English lands in france. Richard stayed but could not recapture Jerusalem, settled for truce that gave them control of a few coastal towns and allowed Christians to enter Jerusalem freely.
Sig: shows ever persistent conflict between religious groups over the holy land, eagerness of crusaders to fight for their God, and the joke that crusades were becoming, completely unsuccessful and pointless, spilling innocent blood for no real purpose. |
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| Heart (1189 – 1199) – son of Henry II, king of England during 3rd crusade |
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| (1189) – king of France during 3rd crusade, left crusade to return home and seize English lands in France. |
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(1199 - 1216) – took over England throne after Richard, offended english and French vassals, called evil king john. Tried to raise taxes basically illegally, pissed off his people. Pissed off the church/pope innocent III by trying to appoint is own archbishop of canterbury and not letting the pope’s appointed man step on English soil. Papal interdict and warning of excommunication follow. Excommunicated, hold kids of vassals hostage to maintain power, clergymen who speak ill of him is ground up by the orders of King John. In 1214 vassals meet to create Magna Carta.
Sig: terrible king for England, no significant contributions to law, politics, culture etc. Mainly just pissed everyone off and made a mess of things. King for the creation of the Magna Carta. |
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(1199 - 1204) – appoints his own man (Stephen Langton) for archbishop of Canterbury, King John of England won’t let him on English soil, begins John vs vassals + pope Innocent conflict. Innocent excommunicates him, then sets papal interdict. Preached the 4th Crusade, which was a complete sham and did not uphold the religious values of the first crusade at all.
Sig: conflict with John sets up church vs state relationship as adversarial, papal interdict shows pope’s power over king, therefore church’s power over state. The 4th crusade makes people in Europe unable to believe in true religious purpose, just bloodthirsty looters, not saints out to save the holy land. |
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(1203/1204) – Venetian Crusade, a complete sham, pope Innocent III preaches the 4th crusade when supposedly concerned about Albigensian heresy and he wanted Jerusalem, gets ships from Doge Dandolo in Venice, when they cannot pay for the ships Dandolo makes them stop at Zadar and take over/slaughter the town, then Dandolo makes the crusaders continue to Byzantium where they depose emperor and put a puppet on the throne. They looted the city and shipped it back to Venice, did not even go to Holy Land.
Sig: The 4th crusade makes people in Europe unable to believe in true religious purpose, just bloodthirsty looters, not saints out to save the holy land. |
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a sentence made by the pope that outlaws the people to practice sacraments, basically excommunicating a whole country.
Sig: people feel lost and panicked without religion, this is a key tool the popes use to get what they want from the Kings. |
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(1214) – in Runnymede the Barons/vassals devised a charter of demands for King John of England, a charter of liberty and political rights. Most importantly it called for a limited constitutional monarchy, which made King John subject to law instead of above it. Seen as seminal document of English constitutional practice.
Sig: huge step in making the absolute power of the king more fair and limited, truly needed after the reign of King John, showed the people (vassals) banding together to achieve what their country needs. |
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(1203/1204) – Doge of Venice during the 4th crusade, only helps for his own financial/political gain, makes crusaders stop at Zadar and completely slaughter town. He also makes them take over Byzantium and put a puppet on the throne under his control.
Sig: his control over the crusaders showed weakness/corruption of the crusades, shows power hungry nature of Venice who manipulate the crusaders and completely massacre and loot 2 cities. |
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(1212) – preached a crusade based on the belief that God would protect innocent children while they took over a task to free holy land which great knights had failed at. The little children did not make it to holy land, they were abducted and sold into slavery or killed.
Sig: represents the absolute, farthest point of ridiculous – ness during the crusades, where there is no religious values involved whatsoever and there are just desperate, far fetched attempts to get to the holy land. |
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(1208) – group of Christians (Cathars) not in Roman Catholic Church, originated in Romania in Roman Empire, moved West and ended up in Southwest of France, church decides this group are heretics. Innocent III preaches crusade against heresy with king of France Philip II.
Sig: showed the power of the pope in this period, and confusion over determining what Christian values are truly Christian vs heresy |
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(900s → ) – beginning in 900s towns grew and trade expanded, medieval merchants united in associations called guilds, each town had a merchant guild who had the sole right to trade in that town, craftsmans formed craft guilds which included all people involved in a certain trade, such as shoemaking or weaving guilds. The guilds regulated wages, set hours and conditions of labor, set standards of quality for manufactured goods, disciplined workers, looked after ill or disable members etc. Joined the guild as apprentice and worked your way up to master.
Sig: symbolized the growing prosperity and wealth in Europe, change and growth of trade/commerce, people working together to prosper, lead to decline in serfdom. |
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(1200) – church orders Dominicans to seek out heretics and to eliminate heresy, anyone suspected could be tried in secret and tortured to force confession, those who confessed performed penance and those who did not were condemned and punished, sometimes burned at stake, thought to be necessary to prevent heresy spreading through Christendom. Turned into huge massacre of “heretics”.
Sig: very dangerous time to be suspected as a heretic, no trust between people or real unified church body b/c everyone was afraid of being punished. |
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(1214) – at church’s high point in middle ages they finally define the sacraments, clarify/standardize practices and doctrine, define the 7 sacraments as baptism, communion, reconciliation, conformation, Eucharist, marriage, last rites
Sig: illustrates the great strength of the church at this point, sacraments made official, kept up to this day |
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(1214) – religious ceremony/act of Christian regarded as visible sign of inward spiritual/divine grace, 7 sacraments are defined in 4th Lateran Council. baptism, communion, reconciliation, conformation, Eucharist, marriage, last rites.
Sig: official acts of faith in Christian church, finally made official and doctrine clarified |
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(end of 15th century) – during Italian Renaissance, strong ruling family in Florence (center of Renaissance), educated wealthy bankers originally and became ruler of city state. Lorenzo Medici became great patron of arts and influenced Florence’s artistic awakening.
Sig: epitome of wealthy, influential city state leaders during Italian renaissance, showed prosperity of Italian ren, as we well as the renewed love for art (patrons fueled this love). |
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1450) – 16th century French renaissance writer, skeptic and cynic, hated repression, brilliant/studied law at young age. Skeptic – does not believe in one truth (religious or not) and believe one should not live for the life after death. Cynic – believes most human institutions are worthless, wars fought in the name of religion are bad and Christians are the worst offenders.
Sig: very talented artist during renaissance, his skepticism/cynicism showed some secular philosophy (though slightly extreme). Incredible humanist, meaning system of thought and strong belief in humans over the belief/trust in divine. |
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(1452 – 1519) – successful painter, sculptor, engineer, architect, mainly an inventor to live during height of renaissance in Italy, apprenticed to workshop of artist in Florence, marketed himself to Duke of Milan, used scientific experiments to enhance his painting, such as study of anatomy and math.
Sig: ideal renaissance man, artist/inventor, creative and prosperous, extremely talented. His influences and famous works of art still inspire awe today. |
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(1335 – 1435) – war between France and England, involved revolutionary new weapons such as cross bow, longbow, and canon, which changed warfare completely. After Norman Conquest, English King Edward III was basically a vassal to the king of France, he even applied for the French throne but when they picked a French man and Edward brought an army to Flanders the conflict started. Lasted on and off with truces and intense battles for 100 years, by the time it ended England had lost all of its land in France except Calais.
Sig: brought about 2 key developments: the advancement in weapons that revolutionized warfare, and the power of the English parliament over the king expanded greatly. This war delayed cultural and intellectual growth in England, greatly empowered France. |
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(16th century, exact date ?) – artist of northern renaissance, impressive humanist, greatest work = in praise of folly. Child of priest + servant girl. Sent to university in Paris, educated, ordained as priest but did not practice. Preached good of humanity, moderation and freedom of mind. Against the dogma/traditions of church, almost anti science b/c he believed science and technology would lead to materialism and greed.
Sig: another ideal humanist/renaissance man, good philosophy, almost ironic b/c it is true today. Preached classic humanist, secular philosophy. |
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| Guttenburg Printing Press |
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(1454) – first machine enabling people to print literature instead of hand copying it, revolutionary development, once they create metal moveable type there is great increase in printed materials in Europe. First book printed was the bible.
Sig: revolutionized printing, directly responsible for incredible increase in literacy, reading/writing is no longer a church monopoly. Inevitably used for church purposes, but still increases literacy amongst the people. |
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means field of stars, pilgrimage site of Santiago (st James), King Ferdinand builds there, hostels, hospitals, hotels. Religious foundations, famous pilgrimage sight during Renaissance.
Sig: pilgrimages were important during Ren, this site had highly developed culture and great religious significance for pilgrims in renaissance |
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– another significant religious pilgrimage sight, Thomas a Becket was assassinated (by orders of king Henry II of England) in the Cathedral when he was Archbishop of Canterbury. He became a saint and the spot of his death became a religious pilgrimage sight that many people traveled to during Ren.
Sig: one of most significant pilgrimage sights in all of Europe, inspired Canterbury Tales (Chaucer), great history that is still learned about today |
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(1309 – 1377) – after Pope Boniface (Italian) died Philip IV replaced him with a French pope who moved the papacy for the first time ever from Rome to Avignon in France. The next 6 popes were French, and most of Europe (especially Italians) did not respect them or just ignored them b/c the papacy had always been in Rome and the popes had always been Italian. People also suspected French king’s control over papacy and therefore church.
Sig: conflict between France and Italy, significant impact on church and followers b/c the religious center shifted from Italy to France. |
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Michelangelo (1475 – 1564) – renaissance/realist artist, created famous frescos in Sistine Chapel of Vatican and residence of pope in Rome, brilliant painter but preferred sculpting, his paintings/sculptures of David and Moses suggest massive dignity, versatile man wrote poetry and worked as architect to help design St Peter’s Basilica in Rome.
Sig: important ren/realist artist, like Da Vinci he epitomizes the versatile artists that worked and thrived during renaissance. He supports the ren aspects of realism and his sculpture of David completely embodies the ren aspect of classicism b/c he is an ideal man, atheletic and built almost perfectly. His works are still seen today. |
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(1276 – 1337) – ren painter, realist painter, supposedly a fly in one of Giotto’s paintings looked so real an observer tried to brush it off, extremely talented, learned an important new technique called perspective to create illusion of depth on flat canvas.
Sig: important realist/renaissance painter, supported the ren aspect of realism |
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(end of 15th century) – monk who preaches fiery sermons, captures the Florence people with his words. Fundamentalist, charismatic, enormous influence in Italy. Starts “bonfires of vanities” where he gets everyone to burn their vanities, or fine belongings to prove they do not need material things and embrace their humble lives/love of God. He was tried by papal court of inquiries and executed in 1498. He had done a ton of damage to Ren. spirit of Florence and the center of Ren moves from Florence to Rome.
Sig: huge influence in Florence during 15th century of Renaissance, fundamentalist who challenges ideals and values of church to an extreme extent, captivates so many people that the church orders him executed. |
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1632) – Brilliant scientist/mathematician/astronomer. takes Copernicus’s idea of heliocentric world and preaches/writes/publishes this theory. Papal interdict of inquires ask him to be quiet and then excommunicate him b/c the church believes in geocentric world. Put under house arrest.
Sig: caused uproar in Europe and church with his ideas, his discoveries laid groundwork |
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(1435 - 1485) – english civil wars, struggle for throne of england between Yorkists and Lancastrians, dynastic conflict. Richard III killed in battle by Henry Tudor, therefore the Lancastrians were victorious, Richard had stolen the throne from his 2 nephews who he supposedly killed in the tower of London. Shakespeare portrays Richard as a terrible man, play written from Tudor point of view.
Sig: shows internal conflict and struggle within England without a centralized, strong form of government. Powerful families come head to head in a struggle to develop a strong, lasting government in England and control the throne/obtain power. |
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(1553 – 1558) - first reigning queen of England, personal unhappiness and devotion to Catholicism shaped her reign, her movement to return the country to Catholicism enraged her protestent subjects, called bloody mary b/c she had 300 people burned at the stake, including archbishop of Canterbury.
Sig: showed absolute power of the ruling monarch, and danger of practicing an opposing religion of the monarch. |
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1558 - 1603) –reign called the Elizabethan period thanks to Shakespeare, adept at politics she used parliamentary acts to prevent conflict and strengthen Protestantism. She did not marry or have children, so there was conflict over who should succeed her. She faced 2 major problems during reign: religion, people wanted to purify English church (puritans) vs Catholics/Anglican Church, but Elizabeth sided with Anglican church, which led to eventual rebellion. 2nd problem: parliament gained power under Henry VIII and made England protestant, people saw them as restraint on monarch, Elizabeth handled them adeptly, but still struggled with them questioning her and her laws.
Sig: successful English leader, good for the country and politics. Dealt fairly well with the Puritans and their religious issues with her preferred Protestant religion, handled parliament skillfully as a monarch. |
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1509 – 1547) – one of 5 Tudor monarchs who had great success ruling over England, during his reign Henry established a new official English church b/c he wanted a divorce from his wife: the Anglican Church.
Sig: successful Tudor ruler, good for England, only flaw was the multiple wives he took and killed in an effort to produce a male heir. Influential/interesting that he created Anglican church, new branch of Catholicism. |
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(1450) – utopia = ideal model for society, northern humanist, chancellor for Henry VII, would not take oath of supremacy, sent to a tower and imprisoned, sent to tower hill and beheaded, became saint.
Sig: important humanist during renaissance, interesting new theories about the organization of society, significant that he resisted the supremacy of Henry VII and became a saint when he was executed. |
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| 6 ASPECTS OF ITALIAN RENAISSANCE |
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1350 – 1550)
In general: renewed interest in Greek/Roman literature and life characterized the Renaissance, natural interest that would reawaken Italy, ruins of mighty Roman Empire were constant reminders of Roman Glory. The renaissance was humanistic, man centered, unlike the middle ages which were god centered. The genius and accomplishments of men were celebrated. Education, medicine, astronomy, math, science, painting, sculpting etc thrived. Trade and commerce grows significantly, Italy = prosperous. The renaissance originally revolved around Florence, and later shifted to Rome.
1. Urbanization – Italian city states, origins from crusades, trade/commerce expand and more people settle into organized towns, as people become urbanized ideas spread and disease does also during renaissance (black death).
2. Patronage – patrons of arts would employ artists (painters, sculptors etc) to work for them and create the art they desired, every wealthy noble wanted to have fine art to keep up their their peers, if one man had a cool sculpture every other noble wanted one. The leaders of city states (wealthy patrons) fueled the renaissance and allowed the artists of the renaissance (like da vinci and michelangelo) to thrive and produce master pieces.
3. Secularism – middle ages were god centered but the renaissance was completely man centered, focusing less on religious values and ceremonies and more on the accomplishments of men. They did not give up religion, believed in god/church, but it became a Sunday activity instead of daily life.
4. Humanism – faith in/belief in humans over the belief/trust in divine. Celebrates the genius of men, huge part of renaissance. If man is created in God’s image they have inherent talents and obligations to fulfill these talents to explore entire minds/full potential. This theory seen greatly in philosophy and art.
5. Realism – quality or fact of representing something/person in its true form or situation accurate and true to real life. Seen greatly in art/paintings, 2d paintings, good paint = Tempura. Linseed oil to suspend powder. Oil base paint/canvas greatly changes art of painting. 3d painting, develop vanishing point, shadowing and perspective to create master pieces of paintings. Also defined as accepting a situation for how it is and being prepared to deal with it accordingly, this aspect of realism is seen in writing, politics, philosophy, Machiavelli, and other literature.
6. Classicism – idea during renaissance of preserving and returning to the classic greek/roman ways of life, especially in art. Classic greek/roman sculpture was incredibly popular during renaissance, as well as paintings, architecture, science, astronomy, all the classic greek/roman influence reappeared during renaissance. |
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