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-Greek philosopher
-universe consisted or ten concentric spheres enclosing the unmoving earth at the center
-refuted by European scientists during the Scientific revolution |
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-universe model was heliocentric
-published in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies |
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-naked eye observations of a new star
-supernova
-stars are permanent and unchanging |
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-German astronomer
-3 laws of planetary motion |
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-Italian astronomer
-Discovered: 4 largest of Jupiter's moons, phases of Venus, Milky Way, moon was just like earth, inertia, gravity |
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-British scientist
-law of universal gravitation |
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-French enlightenment figure
-formulated theory of separation of powers |
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| -a king's order that sent people to prison that criticized the government |
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-most famous of the French Enlightenment figures
-supported typical enlightenment causes (freedom, press, thought, religion, scientific progress) |
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-Real name Emilie
-translated Newton's main work into French
-married but one of Voltaire's lovers |
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| -Edited the encyclopedia with Jean le Rond d'Alembert |
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-protested against the rationalism of the enlightenment
-thought scientific progress would make men lazier |
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-enlightened ruler of Prussia
-doubled the size of Prussia through seizure of Silesia (used to be Austria's) |
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-enlightened ruler of Russia
-continues Peter the Great's policy of westernizing Russia
-expanded Russia after wars with the Ottoman Empire |
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-old fortress in Paris during 100 years war
-later used by French Kings as a prison |
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-capital of Prussia
-largest state within territory
-modern day Germany |
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-port city in NW Russia on Baltic sea
-built by Peter the Great
-gave Russia access to Europe by sea |
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| central element of Aristotle's model of the universe |
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| -observation and experimentations before theory is made |
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-start with a theory before experimentation or observation
-not much new info can be learned this way |
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-word of the enlightenment
-analyze |
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-intellectual movement of the 18th century Europe
-celebrated scientific progress, habits of mind, and other fields of knowledge |
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| -idea that monarchy was the best govt, but king should rule based on reason |
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| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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-associated with founding of the Portuguese overseas empire and age of exploration
-sponsored more of the major Portuguese explorations with royal funding |
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-leader of Songhai kingdom (W Africa)
-standing army
-replaced local African officials with Arab ones |
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| first to sail directly from Europe to India |
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| first to sail around the Cape of Good Hope |
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| Swahili city states on East coast of Africa |
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-flourishing African kingdom of W Africa
-near Senegal and Gambia rivers |
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-most famous city of Songhai kingdom
-center of education
-law |
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-African kingdom located along coast of the Gulf of Guinea
-oba language |
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-NE Africa
-traditionally coptic Christian (Egyptian influence)
-then catholic after islamic and portuguese attacks |
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-ancient Ethiopia
-first African nation to convert to Christianity after Egypt |
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-east coast of Africa
0founded by Islamic merchants and trading communities
-Portuguese eventually conquered |
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