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| 1348-1644... Invaded China and took over, kicking out the Mongol Dynasty... respectful of Chinese and took their ways |
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*Application of science and technology to life (scientific revolution -1690 andt industrial revolution -1750)
*Secular view of the world (Secular & religion is less important that every day life ... "Separation of church and state")
*Social Mobility ("classless" society, "meritocracy" - French Revolution -1789)
*Wider Political participation (more people can vote - French and American Revolution)
*Integration of local economies into a global economy (Globalization - 1492)
*Confidence in the future and belief in progress ("Getting better all the time") |
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History from below.(described by Marxists)
Food and every day life (the Columbian exchange)
Life on a 16th century caravel (Different point of view) |
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The big ideas: "Columbus: A Renaissance Man"
Columbus and the end of the middle ages |
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Decentralized authority
HRE
Charlemagne 800 AD -- crowned by Pope as Holy Roman Emperor. Christian Rome
Political organization predominant in Europe
No standing army
No deep seated taxing system.
No central control, decentralized |
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| The land the feudal lords ruled over |
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| The lords ruled over the vassals. The vassals worked their own land but it was all owned by the Lord |
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They began the slow transition to centralized rule
Powerful "lords" enlarged territories
State building - formation of pre modern states
Reduced power of local lords...two of which were Ferdinand and Isabella |
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Under Ferdinand and Isabella -1469
Defeat of Granada in 1492 (high point)
Expulsion of moors and Jews- to ottoman empire
Catholic kingdom of Spain
Inquisition to find genuine converts
Attitude of reconquista and how its carried into the new world |
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Ferdinand of Aragon
Isabella of Castile
Married in 1469
Brought reconquista and state building to Spain |
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Changes in Feudal order
Rise of cities
Alternative to feudal society
"City air makes you free"
Bourgeoisie emerged- new class emerged- meant inhabitant of a walled city, able to become
craft gulids, artisans, trade fairs,
Money economy
Citizens' "rights" |
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| Decentralized empire empire ruled by feudalism. It was created by Charlemagne in 800 AD. It is significant because it is a bridge between ancient Rome and States |
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Under Ferdinand and Isabella
Looking into those that converted to Catholicism and seeing if they were true converts |
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Finding the Indies
Trade in Mediterranean Sea
Dominated by Italian cities (Genoa/Venice)
Difficulties of Atlantic Sailing |
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| Portolan Charts/ Galley ships |
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Definition
Learned cape to cape sailing and using sun charts to navigate in the Southern Hemisphere
Portugal |
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Came up with the system of Point to point sailing and using sun charts
Prince Henry the Navigator
Made the sailing school
Explored near the Atlantic
Discovered the Azores Islands (1427)
Cape Verde Islands (1456)
Colonies established- plants sugar cane- very rare
Costal exploration of Africa - Southern Hemisphere |
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Ships sailing together
Lateen and square rigging
Stern post rudders
Improved navigation
Portuguese |
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Central trading posts in Africa
In 1483- set up along the Congo river |
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Blown off course in a storm- lost, sails east and ended up sailing around the tip of Africa on accident. He wants to explore but his men are scared and want to go back. So he turns around.
Competition with between Spain and portugal is about finding the fastest route to the indies |
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Columbus was made the Viceroyalty of Hispaniola.
He rules the island with the Encomienda system
1495 |
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Political Centralization
Encomienda: blend of feudal practice with state. Land grant- not actual land but ability to live off land
Granted to Nobility
Entitled to labor on the land
Spain applied principles of Reconquista to the New World |
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1498 (Portugal)
Sends him to explore the Indies route
Christians and spices
Sick of trading with the Moors
"Sack" of Mombasa, destroys it, pillages warehouse
Years later they go back and Mombasa is just a ghost town |
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Entrepot cities/ factories (Established 40)
Sea based empire, not land based
1.Training factories
2.Divert spice trade to Lesban
3.Fleet is controlled by King |
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United Dutch Trading Company
The beginning of new commercial capitalism
New ways of financing a project
Open to anyone with money
Turns money into capital
Not limited by financial resources of king
Not controlled by king
Corporate governance: share holders can vote for board of directors: shared power |
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1628: Capitol in Spice Islands
Colony at Capetown in Southern Africa
Boers- what they are called. Their job was to grow crops for the VOC fleet
White Settlement Colonies: under Auspices of VOC, poor farmers
Competition from Africans
African Labor |
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Max Weber wrote a book: Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
Hard work
Wealth in this life = sign of election (Predestination)
Reinvestment of earnings
The "Golden Age" of Holland: after 1610. Dutch become very rich
Vermeer
Rembrandt |
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| East India Trading Company |
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Definition
Defeated by the VOC in 1623
Both want the Spice Islands
They retreat to India
Factories- paid tribudte to Mughal Emperor
Bombay
Surat- 1612
Calcutta- 1698 |
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Monoculture: single crop
Manufactured goods brought in from other places
Dependant upon outside demands
Sugar, cotton, tobacco |
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| Columbus came to America and brought with him disease that caused rapid decline in the life of the Native Americans |
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1519-21 (Cortez) They were a warrior society
Cortez was the viceroy, with New Spain
Sacrificed war captives
Decline:
Cultural crisis
had enemies
Disease |
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1512: was to fix the Spanish abuse of Indians
The indians were human but childlike. Thus it was not right to mistreat them.
They are not allowed to be enslaved
Audencia was the system of making complaints to the viceroy. |
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World's largest silver mine
Manila galleons carried silver to China
Atlantic trade carried silver to Spain
New World's best offer was precious metals |
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Sugar was transported from new world to Europe
Metal implements from Europe to Africa
Slaves from Africa to the new world
Used African slaves because of the Laws of Burgos |
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| Where the slaves were stored on the ships |
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1400-1700
"Gunpowder Empire"
One of the three Islamic Empires
Turkey, Anatolia, Middle East, North Africa
Turkic tribes, not Arabic
Nomadic
Osman Bey lead the raid
Ghazi were calvary warriors (Ghazi is sword of god- religious element)
Sultans
Borders of the Byzantine empire
Captured Bursa in 1326, began settling down
Balkan expansion, crossed the Bosphorus
Byzantium 1453, conquest, high point, made it into Istanbul
Significance-- Expansionist empire, predominantly muslim but tolerant of other religions |
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Captured by the Ottomans in 1453
Ottomans began settling down
No longer nomadic
Mehemet II- pleased makes Constantinople into Istanbul and the capitol
Gunpowder attacks- break down the wall
Janissary assault with most recent tactics
Calls himself emperor of two lands and two seas (Europe and Asia & Black and Mediterranean) |
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Battle of Kosovo
1389
Defeat of the Serbian Prince
People of the book
Do not force people to convert |
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Elite fighting squad
balanced the power of the Ghazi
standing infantry for the Sultan
Social mobility
Loyal to emperor
From devshirme children |
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System of tribute
Social organization
Tolerant- allowed people to stay in religion...fee to keep their freedom of religion...
(Ghazi warriors) |
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Persia and Iran
"Gunpowder Empires"
One of the three Islamic empires
1400-1700
Need for contiual expansion |
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India
"Gunpowder Empire"
One of the three Islamic Empires |
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Devshirme (Christian males)
Must send a selection of male children to Islam (Balkans)
Used for the Janissary corps or made into eunichs used for administrative
Loyal to emperor and not the family |
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Definition
Brings together Muslim and Hinduism and worship of leader
Brought about by Ali Akbar
"Allahu Akbar"
Hindu: "Akbar is god"
Muslim: "God is great" |
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| How does Akbar use religion to cement his power as a Muslim ruler over Hindu populations? |
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| He combines Islam and Hinduism into one religion: the Divine Faith. Through this they are united but still different. They each have the same greeting of "Allahu Akbar" but to each it means something different and something that is acceptable to their faith. In this way he can rule over both at the same time. |
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| How is this similar to China (Confucian thought) or Spain (Reconquista/ inquisition)? |
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Definition
Spain:
It is similar because they are both rulers but religion is a large part of their rule. To them it is important that those they rule adhere to the beliefs that they set forth. |
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| How do the British take advantage of the decline of Mughal rule? |
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| The British were defeated by the VOC in 1623 so they retreated to Surat. They started taking advantage of the Mughal territories by agreeing to help them and taking control of them one by one and setting up trading factories in the areas. |
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| The Dynastic cycle falls under the "Mandate of Heaven"... As long as a dynasty can keep the mandate of heaven they can rule |
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| The five key relationships... entails respect for parents |
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| Emperor part of dynastic cycle... preserves agricultural cycle... maintains stability |
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| Scholar Beaurocrat (Mandarin) |
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| Part of the beaucracy... only men... educated civil servants... culturally refined.. poets, scholars... significanc: social mobility |
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| 1644-1914...They invaded China and assimilated into the Chinese culture... Came in after the Ming Dynasty fell... Qing=pure...Ruled until the early 20th Century... Confucian scholar beaurocrats...forced the Chinese to submit |
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| Spanish trading ships that sailed once or twice per year across the Pacific Ocean between Manila in the Philippines and Acapulco in New Spain (now Mexico) |
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| Treaty of Tordesillas signed at Tordesillas June 7, 1494, divided the world outside of Europe into an exclusive duopoly between the Spanish and the Portuguese along a north-south meridian 370 leagues (1550 km) west of the Cape Verde islands (off the west coast of Africa), near 40°W.[1] This was about one third of the distance between the Cape Verde Islands and the islands discovered by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage, named in the treaty as Cipangu and Antilia (no doubt Cuba and Hispaniola). The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Spain. The treaty was ratified by Spain (at the time, the Crowns of Castile and Aragon), July 2, and by Portugal, September 5, 1494. The Treaty of Saragossa or Treaty of Zaragoza, which was signed on April 22, 1529, more precisely specified its anti-meridian. |
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Core-- development of capitalist economies (When and how?)...Periphery--decent into plantation economies (single crop or product)...
After 1500 the formation of the two systems came about |
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| Aztec empire... viceroy with New Spain...too war like, caused their decline |
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| Creator of the Calvanism...protestant reformation...efected Dutch ethics |
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| 95 Theses...denounced the churches practice of selling indulgences which excused people from doing penance for sins... Excommunicated by Pope Leo X... Instigated the Protestant Reformation in Europe |
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| Afonso Alburquerque...Potuguese brought wealth and foreign reconition to Congo but later on lead to the destruction of the kingdom.. Converted to Christianity |
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| Battle in the French Indian War / seven years war... this battle gave the British control over India |
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| Eliminated France and other countries and gave the British East India Company the strongest position within India. French Indian war was between Britain and France with help of Native Americans. |
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| Mansab was the generic term for the military -type grading of all imperial officials of the Mughal empire |
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