Term
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Definition
-means Midlle Kingdom (between gods and earth)
-name the ancient Chinese called China
-feeling that China is better than the other countries and is the center of the universe
-fueled by geography (protected China), large size and population, ability to sinocize, and self sustainability
-reasons China starts to lose Zhong Guo
1) China was one nation, but Europe was many
2) Confucian values dictated no sea voyages (un-filial) and no money or power
3) cultural complacency because China though it was better than everyone else so there was no need to explore
4) population boom so technological involution to keep Chinese busy |
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Term
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Definition
-book of Confucius's teachings and his disciples's dicussions
-written by Confucius's students |
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Term
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Definition
-series of tests bases on knowledge of Confucianism and philosophy
-government was meritocracy (people are in it because of their skills)
-stressful and expensive studying for it |
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Term
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Definition
-Confucian value
-family is key |
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Term
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Definition
-founded by Han Fei Tzu around time of the first emperor
-emperor needs to hold both punishment and reward
-favored secretly by governments but not liked that much by the people
-Chin dynasty is the only openly Legalist government
-everyone has to do their talk and only that
-commoners run between punishment and reward |
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Term
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Definition
-founder of Legalism
-advisor to first emperor |
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Term
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Definition
-be as natural as possible
-follow the path of least resistance
-no war and possessions
-simplicity and harmony
-flop as political philosophy
-success as personal philosophy
-have to know opposites
-yin/yong (dark/light)
-balance is key |
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Term
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Definition
-around 25-220 AD
-was Siddharta Gautama before Buddha
-started in India, but becomes sinocized
-Nirvana becomes heaven (more physical place, individuality remains)
-Chinese usesd Buddhism when considering the afterlife |
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Term
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Definition
1) all life is suffering
2) suffering is due to craving
3) to stop suffering, stop craving
4) to stop craving, follow the Eightfold Path (of Buddha) |
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Term
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Definition
-right to rule that can be given or taken away by the gods
-dynastic circe (first emperors work hold, next get lazy, and peasants rebel)
-change can be caused by lack of government response to major disasters
-constant change in people in government but same style of government |
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Term
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Definition
-to make Chinese
-ability to do this is helped by large population of China throughout history |
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Term
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Definition
-Qin to Chin to China
-first emperor of China
-united the Warring States (fueldal system) in 221 BC
-got warlords to attack each other and take over weakend China
-same written language in all of China
-common currency
-road systems and canals to unify trade
-creates meritocract with Legalism values
-builds Great Canal (connecting north and south) and Great Wall (Chinese hate until Nixon promotes)
-burried in city of Xian with Terracotta Warriors
-hated because supposedly burned books and non-Legalist scholars (a very un-Confucian thing to do) |
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Term
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Definition
-period of time (more than a century) when Europeans come and clash with Chinese (around 1800's)
-Opium Wars occur during this time |
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Term
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Definition
| -11-12 state monopolies that controlled European trade in China (1800's) |
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Term
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Definition
-occurred in 1793
-Europeans bring potentially-tradable gifts for the emperor's birthday
-China views as a vassal bringing tribute showing China as superior
-degrading letter from emperor to Europe, brushing Europe off
-sets course to war |
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Term
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Definition
| -official who threw tons of pounds of British opium into the ocean, sparking First Opium War |
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Term
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Definition
-1839-1842
-British declare on China after Lin Tse Hsu throws tons of pounds of European opium into the ocean
-Chinese are consuming insane amount of opium (used to balance trade), ruining economy
-China's navy is inadequate compared to British
-British win and force Treaty of Nanjing on Chinese
-Treaty of Nanjing grants British 5 new treaty ports, the abolishment of cohongs, extraterritoriality, tarrif (tax) on products lowered, MFN (most favored nation) status, Hong Kong given to British, $21 million indemnity (fine) (worth $375,822,287.29 nowadays) |
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Term
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Definition
-1857-1860
-Great Britain and France trump up false pretext for war which they win
-1858 Treaty of Tianjin wihich grants more treaty ports and the ability of foreigners to reside in Beijing
-China renigs on Beijing pact, starting war again
-80 treaty ports
-Russia, Japan, British, French, German, and Americans are taking "spheres of influence" in China (really colonies) in which Chinese are treated awfully
-England has New Territories (next to Hong Kong) for 99 years (until 1997) |
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Term
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Definition
-gained by British in First Opium War
-British are not under Chinese laws |
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Term
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Definition
-last dynasty of China
-Qing Dynasty had Manchus in charge, not Chinese
-become kind of sincocized |
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Term
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Definition
-1850-1864
-started by Hung Hsu-chan (1813-1864)
-failed civil service exam 3 times and has a mental breakdown
-dream that Jesus calls him "brother"
-calls himself "God's Chinese son"
-establishes the Celestial Kingdom of Peace (Taiping) in 1851
-opposed to Confucianism, Manchus, opuium, gambling, and prostitution
-Manchus and Europeans join forces to defeat Taiping Rebellion
-Hung is addicted to opium, so overthrown by "Holy Spirit" general
-20 million killed in the end of the Taiping Rebellion |
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Term
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Definition
-1835-1908
-concubine who brought down a dynasty
-concubine to emperor who bears his only son, Tongzhi, in 1856
-emperor dies when Tonzhi is little and regency council is formed
-Cixi gets rid of the rest of the regency council and gets away with it because she has a lot of guanxi
-1851 Tongzhi "dies" and his pregnant wife commits "suicide" right before Tongzhi is put on the throne
-Cixi places young nephew Guangxu on throne and serves as regent
-declares Guangxu insane in 1898 and he is locked up until his death in 1908
-after she appoints little boy named Puyi, she dies (probably killed by eunuch advisors)
-starts and ends Self Strengthening Movement
-rules during Sino-Japanese War
-builds a marble boat and a new Summer Palace in 1886-1891 to prove China's culture and ability to sinocize, but only adds to debt
-hated by Chinese
-her legacy is leaving Puyi on the throne |
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Term
| Self Strengthening Movement |
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Definition
-1862-1874
-combining "Practical Knowledge" and "Chinese mentality"
-Cixi sends young scholars to western countries
-scholars suggest democracies and other types of fair governments
-following other countries' examples would be admitting that China isn't Zhong Guo, so Cixi puts a halt to it
-makes Cixi look bad because she discovers what is wrong with China, but doesn't do anything about it |
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Term
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Definition
-1894-1895
-Japan use to be a vassal of China
-Japan gets a navy and invades Korea, a vassal state of China, sparking a war
-Japan's modern navy beats China by a great margin
-Treaty of Shimonseki is created in 1895 in which China has to cede Taiwan and Penghu islands to Japan
-China has to recognize Japan's hegemony over Korea and open 4 new treaty ports |
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Term
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Definition
-1900
-Society of Righteous Harmony is established 1889 and wants to "Perserve the dynasty, destroy the foreign"
-teaches I-ho Magic Boxing that supposedly makes people invulnerable
-Chinese are desperate, so believe
-attack foreigners in countryside first
-some foreigners flee to British legation in Beijing
western countries send troops to rescue missionaries and fight Boxers
-Cixi sides with the Boxers because advisors tell her that it is the only chance to defeat the west
-Boxer Indemnity/Boxer Protocol after they are defeated is that China has to cancel civil service exams in cities where there are Boxers, China has to execute Boxer leaders, no weapon imports are allowed, and a fine of 450 million taels of silver ($350 million back then) ($7,422,127,535.20 nowadays) ($15,508,923,208.13 nowadays with interest)
-Chinese never completely pay off the debt, but it hurts them in the next decade |
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Term
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Definition
-6/11/1898-9/20/1898
-Guangxi's 100 days in power
-changes Confucian civil service exams to math and science
-changes Chinese institution to western-style institutions
-attempst to change imperial government to figurehead emperor, but is locked up by Cixi |
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Term
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Definition
-put on the throne by Cixi the day she dies in 1908
-forced to abdicate
-last emperor of China
-Japanese made him emperor of Manchukuo |
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Term
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Definition
-interim president of China (1/1/1912)
-very against Manachus in charge of China
-becomes face of anto-Manchu movement in 10/1896 when he is kidnapped by Manchus
-founds KMT
-1905 Revolutionary Alliance which fails
-3 people's principles are democracy, nationalism, and socialism
-not an effective political leader
-forced to abdicate (along with Puyi) by general Yuan Shih Kai on 2/13/1912
-dies on 3/12/1925 |
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Term
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Definition
-founded by Sun Yat Sen
-Kuo-Min-Tang
-re-emerges after death of Yuan SHih Kai
-KMT is more conservative and Confucian than the CCP
-supported by urban elite and landlords because it is non-violent, mellow, and the lesster of two evils
-KMT is supported by the USSR because they think that the KMT will probably win
-Chiang Kai Shek (1870-1976) takes over after Sun Yat Sun dies on 3/12/1925 and causes KMT to turn against socialism
-loved by U.S.
-joins CCP for two United Fronts
-ignores Japan and focuses on hunting Communists in Long March because Japan is the "skin" and Communism is the "heart
-becomes overstretched, corrupt, and underestimates peasants
-causes MAJOR inflation
-in 1949, forced to retreat to Taiwan with all the best artwork
-members still on the mainland are persecuted by Mao |
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Term
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Definition
-Chinese Communist Party
-founded by Mao Tse Tung in July 1921
-supported by poor
-joins KMT for two United Fronts
-chased by KMT in the Long March and uses Yenan as a base
-wins hearts of the people |
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Term
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Definition
-May 4, 1919
-first time Chinese protest against the government because Germany's holding in China are given to Japan in the Treaty of Versailles after World War 1
-Chinese lower class find voice
-starts feminism and thoughts of Communism |
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Term
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Definition
-founded by Karl Marx (1818-1883)
-first published in Communist Manifesto in 1848
-Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat
-human society advances in stages and revolt is invetable
-only changes are because of economic reasons
-starts Communism: means of production owned collectively
-introduced in China in 1899
-believed to be able to occur everywhere except China and Russia because they hadn't had a industrial revolution
-Mao sinocizes Communism by saying revolution is necessary for change, so there must be constant rebellion against the government and that peasants are the vanguard of revolution |
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Term
| Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat |
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Definition
-French for factory owners vs. oppressed and exploited workers
-when sinocized became west vs. Chinese |
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Term
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Definition
-1887-1976
-takes over KMT after Sun Yat Sen
-loved by Henry Luce and the U.S.
-hates Communism
-obsesses over CCP and ignores Japan
-Xian Incident 1936 intervention when Communists and his brother kidnap him to try to convince him to attack Japan |
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Term
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Definition
-founds CCP in July 1921
-trys to connect to peasants by talking and dressing like them
-against Confucianism and religion
-"If you have to fart, fart. If you have to shit, shit."
-head of Long March and wins the heart of peasants
-Mao's wife is SUPER liberal and is part of the Gang of Four
-head of Maoist China 1949-1976
-land reform
-let people choose spouse
-promoted education and literacy
-100 Flowers Campaign 1957
-Great Leap Forward
-wants loyalities to be with him, not family
-Pragmatists are defeated with the Great Proletarian Cultural Revoultion
-praised and prayed to
-targets message at youth
-symbolically swims across Yantze river
-holds rallies for teens
-has Red Guards
-against the 4 Olds
-doesn't get along with the U.S.
-Kruschev invites Mao to Russia to give pro-Stalan speech at anti-Stalan rally, humiliating him |
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Term
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Definition
-1934-1935
-6,000 mile long chase of the CCP and Mao by KMT
-7,000 of the starting 100,000 survive
-CCP helps poor and KMT undoes work
-Yenan becomes refugee of the CCP
-CCP wins the hearts of the peasants
-people on Long March have lots of Guanxi |
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Term
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Definition
-12/1937
-Japanese brutally kill thousands of Chinese civilians
-China had pulled out army beforehand
-sparks Second United Front |
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Term
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Definition
-land redistribution
-land taken from landlords and nationalized
-mutual aid teams place people so they can share equipment
-early collectives are productive and have about 150 families pooling resources and land so they can specialize like an assembly line |
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Term
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Definition
-1957
-Mao asks for suggestions from the government expecting praise
-gets requests for changes in government
-Mao searches for criticizing people and moves "rightists" to bad jobs where they are disrespected
-"Better red than expert" means better Communist than educated
-Mao replaces "rightists" with super Communists |
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Term
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Definition
-Mao wants to have and Industrial Revolution in 15 years
-super-size collectives (5,000 families)
-overseers lie to meet production quotas because not enough is grown, so barely any left for peasants left to eat
-peasants eat in giant communal kitchens that shatters the idea of family
-melted down scrap metal is constantly fed to backyard furnaces to make "steel"
-fails because grain and steel production plummets
-1959-1962 famine when 20 million die
-Mao is not blamed because only the government knew that the famine was nationwide
-Mao isolates himself for awhile, allowing Pragmatists to sieze control |
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Term
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Definition
-1966-1967
-religon discouraged
-Little Red Book is required reading
-Mao was praised and prayed to
-Mao symbolically swims across the Yangtze river
-Mao holds rallies for teens
-in 1966-1967, 750,000 are prosecuted and 35,000 are killed
-leftists back in power and pragmatists are ousted |
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Term
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Definition
-becomes required reading in 1963
-Mao's quotations and speeches |
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Term
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Definition
-super-communist teens become part of Red Guard during Cultural Revolution
-to stop killing, Mao sends them to "boonies" to learn how to be peasants
-called the "lost generation" |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Special Economic Zones-incomplete |
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Definition
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Term
| Tiananmen Square Massacre-incomplete |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -president of China as of March 2003 |
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Term
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Definition
| -polytheistic, nature-oriented, traditional religon of Japan |
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Term
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Definition
-code of samurai, placing honor above all else
-if dishonored, commit sebaku (suicide)
-created during time of peace after samurai fought |
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Term
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Definition
-controlled chunks of land and maintained large armies of samurai
-numbers and freedom were limited after Tokugawa Iayasu |
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Term
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Definition
-warring leaders of Japan
-actually ruled Japan, emperor was just figure |
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Term
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Definition
-major icon for Japanese, even nowadays
-placed honor and loyalty to emperor above all else
-during years of peace, focus on art
-merchants rip them off, so forced into debt
-higher status than peasants, but below daimyo |
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Term
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Definition
-1600-1867
-declared shogun
-unites Japan into a centralized, stable fuedal system
1)takes 25% of best land for himself
2)divides the rest of the land amongst the 265 daimyo
3)removes lords for misconduct
4)puts least trusted close by him
5)frequently moves lords
6)daimyo's families lived in the capital (as semi-hostages)
7)daimyos had to live in palace/capital every other year
8)daimyo don't have enough money for good military |
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Term
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Definition
-sailed into Tokyo Bay on July 1853
-Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854 opened 2 ports for the U.S. |
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Term
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Definition
-1867 bot emperor and Tokugawa shogun die
-1868 group of young samurai form an oligarchy promoting the restoration of power of emperor Meiji
-western style compulsory education
-emphasis on Shinto beliefs and that emperor is divine
-fad of westernization
-zaibatsu are created and economy modernizing
-era ends in 1912
-complete industrial revolution in 40 years
-economic and naval power equal to England
-1899 extraterritoriality ends and breaks western chains
-average person was a factory worker in horrible condition, working long hours |
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Term
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Definition
-group of young samurai in control of the government during the Meiji Restoration
-establinged constitution and parliament
-ended fuedalism, stipends, and rights of samurai
-formed a conscript army
-facade of western-stlye government, when really not constitutional
-member, Saigo, leaves when rights of samurai get taken away |
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Term
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Definition
-1877
-led by former member of oligarchy, Saigo
-last stand of the samurai |
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Term
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Definition
-Japanese government gives tax breaks and other incentives to companies if they build wanted products (steel)
-pride nationally, profit privately
-conditions for workers were terrible |
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Term
| Greater East Asian Co-prosperity Sphere |
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Definition
-defeating the west, the oppresors of the countries must unite
-around World War 2 (1940) |
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Term
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Definition
-Executive Order 9066 about internment camps in U.S. signed in 1942
-mostly American Japanese are forced to go to them
-American Japanese lose about $4-5 billion |
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Term
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Definition
-August 6, 1945 "Little Boy" dropped by Enola Gay
-68,000 killed instantly
-10,000 missing and 37,000 injured
-flattened 4 square miles
-dropped because Japanese refused to give in, proven by the battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa
-Japan still refuses to surrender |
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Term
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Definition
-August 9, 1945 "Fat Man" dropped
-Japan surrenders through emperor on August 18, 1945 |
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Term
| Post World War Two Economic Miracle |
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Definition
-second largest economy in the world by 1970's
-rebuild factories with new technology
-after Korean War, U.S. is scared of Japan becoming Communist, so they help rebuild Japan's economy
-focus on high-tech goods
government and banks encouraged growth |
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Term
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Definition
-since high-tech goods cost money to make, the Japanese inflate the value of land to use as collateral
-1955-1989 land values increased 15,456%
-1985-1989 land and stock valures tripled
-the bubble bursts wehn emperor Hiroshito dies and two P.M.'s fall to scandals in 1989
-stock market loses 2/3 of value
-land value drops 80%
-250 billion in defaulted loans
-ongoing slump in economy
-Japan has competion from other Asian high-tech countries
-more homeless nowadays
-government spends a lot of money funding inefficient countries
-billions in lost savings |
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Term
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Definition
| -ancient cultures area (above South America, but on and below Mexico) |
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Term
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Definition
-500 BC-900/1200 AD
-independent city states linked by language and culture
-urban population dependent on corn
-very technologically advanced
-"peaceful" Mayan myth
-Mayan empire disappeared, but seemed to have been absorbed into Toltecs
-probobaly disappeared because food supply was damaged |
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Term
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Definition
-after Toltecs around 1200 AD
-biggest and most powerful empire in Americas
-lots of sacrifice
-defeated by Cortes in 1519
-mainly destroyed by disease (small pox)
-think Cortes is god Quetzalcoatl who was prophecied to come that same year
-Aztecs fight to capture, but Spanish fight to kill |
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Term
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Definition
| -floating gardens of Aztecs |
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Term
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Definition
-capital of current-day Mexico and Aztec empire
-protected by a swamp and unwanted
-built in 1345 |
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Term
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Definition
| -god prophecied to return by sea in 1519, same year as Cortes's arrival |
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Term
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Definition
-defeated Aztecs in 1519
-allied with vassal-states of Aztecs |
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Term
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Definition
-a vassal-state princess given to Cortes by the Aztecs
-speaks same language as a priest on the ship and allies Cortes with vassal-states of Aztecs to help him overthrow Aztecs |
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Term
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Definition
-arrived in 1531 and Incan empire was defeated by him in 1533
-kidnapped emperor and got 50-60 million in gold |
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Term
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Definition
| -exchange of slaves, products, agriculture, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds |
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Term
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Definition
| -people sent to the New World to help stake Spain's territory |
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Term
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Definition
| -Indian for no slaves vs. Columbus for slaves |
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Term
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Definition
-"free laborers"
-people who are living on land grants
-end up in major debt |
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Term
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Definition
| -wealthy land owners of Spanish descent |
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Term
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Definition
| -people from Iberian Penninsula that are political officials and are from the Spanish government and live in Spain, but visit South America |
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Term
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Definition
-mixed race white and Native Americans
-largest ethnic group in Latin America |
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Term
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Definition
| -mixed race black and white |
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Term
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Definition
-high ranking Penninsularies
-on return to Spain, put on trial to prove non-treasonous |
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Term
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Definition
-1780
-80,000 Indians revolt
-first large rebellion |
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Term
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Definition
-1783-1830
-"the liberator"
-from wealthy, Creole family
-wanted to unite all of Spanish South America, but loses some supporters when Ferdinand regains throne in Spain in 1814
-in 1824, most of South America was independent
-nationalism and internal conflict destroys Bolivar's dream |
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Term
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Definition
-post-independece, these military dictators ruled most Latin American nations
-supported by Creoles
-poor and Church oppressed
-coup became normal means of change in government |
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Term
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Definition
-after Grito de Dolores, invades Creole city and almost invades the capital of Mexico
-executed 6 months later
-caused much deeper class divisions and destroyed colonial economy (mines were attacked) |
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Term
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Definition
| -speech made by Father Miguel Hidalgo on September 16, 1810 before arrested for treason |
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Term
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Definition
-ruled from 1821-1823
-declares himself emperor of Mexico
-overthrown by military coup |
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Term
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Definition
-ruled on and off from 1833-1853
-was president 11 times
-leads coup against de Iturbide
-loses power after 1836 Texas secession from Mexico (Alamo)
-gains support when he loses his leg accidently during the Pastry War
-loses favor after U.S. Mexican War and is forced to flee to exile in 1853 through mass uprisings |
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Term
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Definition
-1836 Texas secedes from Mexico
-Alamo occurs |
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Term
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Definition
-1838-1839
-France starts war with Mexico over triviality
-Santa Anna loses his leg, making him a hero |
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Term
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Definition
-1846-1848
-Texas joins U.S. in 1845
-Mexico loses 1/2 territory
-Santa Anna is forced to flee after this |
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Term
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Definition
-ruled 1855-1872 (dies)
-"La Reforma"
-economy is in ruin, but he decides to fix up Mexico instead of paying off debts
-this upsets France, so they invade Mexico
-he is forced to flee
-when French retreat due to conflicts at home, Benito returns in 1867 to power in executes Maxmillian |
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Term
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Definition
-reforms done by Benito Juarez
-increases power of Mestizo
-minor civil war 1858-1860 |
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Term
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Definition
-great win by Mexico against French at Puebla on May 5, 1862
-losing the rest of the war though |
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Term
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Definition
-emperor of the monarchy of Mexico, placed on the throne by France
-executed by Benito Juarez in 1867 |
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Term
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Definition
-ruled form 1876-1910
-conditions for poor were so bad, border towns formed
-huge wealth gap
-looked at Europe as a model
-believed in social Darwinism and that Mexicans are weak
-supporters of Diaz owned insane amounts of land
-peasants oppresed by "police"
-brought in foreign trade
-35 years of peace
-order by force
-hero of Cinco de Mayo
-English and Americans come to Mexico for cheap labor
-middle class is created
-improved roads and infrastructure
-life expectancy drops
-poor education of poor
-obey or die
-no political opponents (b/c killed)
-major attack on Mexican culture |
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Term
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Definition
-runs for president in 1910, is arrested, and flees to U.S.
-helps overthrow Diaz during Mexican Revolution
-becomes president in 1911, but is slow on land reform because rich are in power
-Villa and Zapata withdraw their support
-assasinated in 1913 |
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Term
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Definition
-helps overthrow Diaz in 1910
-bandit who fights for peasants
-Punitive Expedition 1916
-hated by U.S.
-Constitutionalist make mutual peace agreement with Poncho Villa, but then kill him |
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Term
|
Definition
-helps overthrow Diaz
-Zapatistas
-killed by Carranza
-SUPER popular |
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Term
|
Definition
-formed by Carranza
-kill Poncho Villa
-liberal, but not SUPER liberal like everyone else |
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Term
|
Definition
-Poncho kills 18 U.S. citizens in 1916
-U.S. sends out army, but doesn't succeed in finding him |
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Term
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Definition
-mix of middle class and peasant demands
-not enacted right away
-promises land reform, minimum wage, right to go on strike, sufferage, and non-Church education |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Institutionalized Revolutionary Party
-formed in 1928
-de-facto party dictatorship
-in charge from 1929-1980
-presidents swayed between liberal and conservative
-rig 1988 elections
-1994 election margins are exaggerated to show great win
-2000 PRI loses |
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Term
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-North American Free Trade Agreement 1994
-no protectionism or tariffs
-do lots of foreign trade
-caused northern Mexico to grow |
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-based in Chiapas
-uprise in southern Mexico in 1994, first day of NAFTA |
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-Marcos led 1994 Zapatistas rebellion from Chiapas
-toured |
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| Cuban War of Independence |
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