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| the idea that peoples should unite across national boundaries; gained popularity during the 19th century; led to the establishment of organizations like the International Red Cross. |
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| permanent arbitration court established at The Hague in 1899; failed to resolve problems of international conflict. |
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| war line between Belgium and Switzerland during World War I; featured trench warfare and massive casualties among combatants. |
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| war line between Italy and Austria-Hungary; also produced trench warfare. |
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| war zone from the Baltic to the Balkans where Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Russians, and Balkan nations fought. |
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| a major part of the German naval effort against the allies during World War I; when employed against the United States it precipitated American participation in the war. |
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| Balfour Declaration (1917): |
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| British promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine. |
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| Brest-Litovsk Treaty (1918): |
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| Russia and Germany agreement; Russia withdrew from the World War I and lost territory to Germany in return for peace. |
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| ended World War I; punished Germany with loss of territory and payment of reparations; did not satisfy any of the signatories. |
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| international organization of nations created after World War I; designed to preserve world peace; United States never a member. |
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| Socialism in one country: |
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| Stalin's concept of Russian communism based solely upon internal Soviet development; the resulting isolation helped the Soviet Union to avoid some of the consequences of the Great depression. |
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| National Socialist (Nazi) Party: |
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| led by Hitler in Germany; gained support during economic chaos after World War I and the Great Depression; advocated an authoritarian state and an aggressive foreign policy; gained power in 1933. |
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| Nazi leader of Germany from 1933 to 1945; led Germany into World War II. |
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| Italian leader who created a fascist government during the 1920s; stressed an aggressive foreign policy and nationalist glories. |
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| union between Germany and Austria under Hitler in 1938. |
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| meeting caused by German occupation of part of Czechoslovakia in 1938; Western leaders agreed to the action after Germany promised future peace. |
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| name given to the policy of British leader Neville Chamberlain because of his acceptance at the Munich Conference of German aggression. |
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| 1940 alliance between Japan, Germany, and Italy. |
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| 1938 meeting between German, French, and British leaders; allowed Czechoslovakia to be dismembered by Germany in return for promises of future peace. |
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| treaty between Germany, Japan, and Italy |
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| American naval base in Hawaii attacked by Japan in Dec. 1941; caused American entry into World War II. |
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| German term meaning lightening warfare; involved rapid movement of troops and tanks. |
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| collaborationist French government established at Vichy in 1940 following defeat by Germany. |
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| British prime minister during World War II; exemplified British determination to resist Germany. |
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| 1942 turning point during Germany's invasion of Russia; Russians successfully defended the city and then went on the offensive. |
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| two Japanese cities on which the United States dropped atomic bombs in 1945; caused Japanese surrender. |
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| Germany's attempted extermination of European Jews; resulted in six million deaths. |
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| Teheran Conference (1943): |
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| meeting between the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union; decided to open a new front against Germany in France; gave the Russians a free hand in eastern Europe. |
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| agreed upon Soviet entry into war against Japan, organization of the United nations; left eastern Europe to the Soviet Union. |
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| Potsdam Conference (1945): |
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| meeting between the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1945; the allies accepted Soviet control of eastern Europe; Germany and Austria were divided among the victors. |
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| struggle from 1945 to 1989 between the communist and democratic worlds; ended with the collapse of Russia. |
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| the eastern European countries of Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, and Eastern Germany dominated by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. |
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| term coined by Churchill for the division between the Western and Soviet spheres. |
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| United States program begun in 1947 to help Western European nations recover from the devastation of World War II. |
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization; formed in 1949 to counter the threat of Soviet Union; included western European democracies, Canada, and the United States. |
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| the Soviet response to NATO; made up of Soviets and their European satellites. |
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| war following the 1949 invasion of South Korea by North Korea; communist powers supported the former, the Western powers the latter. |
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| a long struggle beginning with the Vietnamese effort to expel the French; the United States unsuccessfully intervened to prevent communist victory. |
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| newly independent former colonial nations who proclaimed neutrality during the Cold War. |
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