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| warlord in northern China after the fall of the Qing dynasty; president of China in 1912; hoped to become emperor but blocked in 1916 by Japanese intervention in China. |
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| head of the Revolutionary Alliance that led the 1911 revolt against the Qing; president of China in 1911, but yielded to Yuan Shikai in 1912; created the Guomindang in 1919; died in 1925. |
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| acceptance at Versailles of Japanese gains in China during World War I led to demonstrations and the beginning of a movement to create a liberal democracy. |
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| Chinese Marxist intellectual; rejected traditional view and instead saw peasants as the vanguard of socialist revolution; influenced Mao Zedong. |
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| Marxist periodical that did much to spread the ideas of Marx and Lenin among urban Chinese youth. |
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| formed in 1920 in China; dedicated to recruiting urban workers into the revolutionary movement. |
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| one of the most important Chinese leaders; died in 1976. |
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| Guomindang (National Party): |
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| founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1919; main support from urban businesspeople and merchants; ; dominated by Chiang Kai-shek after 1925. |
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| Whampoa Military Academy: |
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| Guomindang military academy founded in 1924; with Soviet support; its 1st director was Chiang Kai-shek. |
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| leader of the Guomindang from 1925; contested with the communists for control of China until defeated in 1949. |
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| Communist leader who advocated the role of the peasantry in revolution; led the communists to victory and ruled China from 1949 to 1976. |
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| Communist retreat from Hunan under Guomindang pressure in 1934; shifted center of Communist power to Shaanxi province. |
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| economic policy of Mao Zedong inaugurated in 1955; led to formation of agricultural cooperatives that then became farming collectives in 1956; peasants lost land gained a few years earlier.. |
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| economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed small-scale industrialization projects integrated into peasant communities; led to economic disaster and ended in 1960. |
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| Deng Xiaoping and Liu Shaoqui: |
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| pragmatists who, along with Zhou Enlai, opposed the Great Leap Forward; wanted to restore state direction and market incentives at the local level. |
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| wife of Mao Zedong; one of the Gang of Four; opposed pragmatists and supported the Cultural Revolution; arrested and imprisoned for life in 1976. |
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| initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 to restore his dominance over the pragmatists; disgraced and even killed bureaucrats and intellectuals; called off in 1968. |
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| student brigades active during the Cultural Revolution in supporting Mao Zedong's policies. |
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| Jiang Qing and her allies who opposed the pragmatists after the death of Mao Zedong; arrested and sentenced to life in prison. |
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| peasant revolution in southern Vietnam during the 1770s; toppled the Nguyen and the Trinh dynasties. |
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| with French support unified Vietnam under the Nguyen dynasty in 1802 with the capital at Hue. |
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| second ruler of united Vietnam (1802-1841); emphasized Confucianism and persecuted Catholics. |
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| Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDD): |
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| middle class revolutionary organization during the 1920s; committed to violent overthrow of French colonialism; crushed by the French. |
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| Communist Party of Vietnam: |
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| the primary nationalist party after the defeat of the VNQDD in 1929; led from 1920s by Ho Chi Minh. |
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| Ho Chi Minh (Nguyen Ai Quoc): |
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| shifted to a revolution based on the peasantry in the 1930s; presided over the defeat of France in 1954 and the unsuccessful United States intervention in Vietnam. |
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| Communist Vietnamese movement; fought the Japanese during Word War II and the French afterwards. |
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| military commander of the Viet Minh and the victor at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. |
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| significant Viet Minh victory over the French that led to the end of the French effort to hold Vietnam. |
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| became president of South Vietnam with United States support in the 1950s; overthrown by the military, with U.S. approval |
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| the Communist guerrilla movement in southern Vietnam during the Vietnamese war. |
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