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| leader of the slave rebellion on the French island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to the creation of the independent republic of Haiti in 1804. |
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| term given to the movements in Latin America allegedly loyal to the deposed Bourbon king of Spain; they actually were Creole movements for independence. |
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| Mexican priest who established an independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810; after early victories he was captured and executed. |
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| conservative Creole officer in the Mexican army who joined the independence movement; made emperor in 1821. |
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| Creole military officer in northern South America; won victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822 that led to the independent state of Gran Colombia. |
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| existed as an independent state until 1830 when Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate independent nations. |
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| leader of movements in Rio de la Plata that led to the independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movements in Chile and Peru. |
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| Portuguese monarch who fled the French to establish his court in Brazil from 1808 to 1820; Rio de Janeiro became the real capital of the Portuguese empire. |
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| son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor |
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| José Rodríguez de Francia: |
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| ruler of independent Paraguay as dictator until 1840. |
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| mestizo general who est. a union between independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839. |
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| leaders in independent Latin America who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized the national government. |
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| Latin American politicians who favored strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by conservative politicians. |
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| Latin American politicians who favored regional governments rather than centralized administrations; often supported by liberal politicians. |
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| United States declaration of 1823 that any attempt by a European country to colonize the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act. |
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| bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; a major Peruvian export between 1850 and 1880. |
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| a philosophy based on the ideas of Auguste Compte; stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society. |
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| Antonio López de Santa Ana: |
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| Mexican general who seized power after the collapse of the Mexican republic in 1835. |
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| belief in the United States that it was destined to rule from the Atlantic to the Pacific. |
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| belief in the United States that it was destined to rule from the Atlantic to the Pacific. |
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| Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848): |
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| ratified Mexican by the United States; Mexico lost one-half of national territory. |
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| Indian lawyer and politician who led a liberal revolution against Santa Ana; defeated by the French who made Maximilian emperor; returned to power from 1867 to 1872. |
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| name of Juárez's liberal revolution. |
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| Austrian archduke proclaimed Emperor of Mexico as a result of French intervention in 1862; after the French withdrawal he executed in 1867. |
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| mounted rural workers in the Rio de la Plata region. |
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| federalist leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy. |
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| replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862 as a result of a compromise between centralists and federalists. |
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| liberal politician and president of the Argentine Republic; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade and launched reforms in education and transportation. |
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| coffee estates that spread into the Brazilian interior between 1840 and 1860; caused intensification of slavery. |
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| coffee estates that spread into the Brazilian interior between 1840 and 1860; caused intensification of slavery. |
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| the belief that the more industrialized, urban, and modern a society became, the more social change and improvement were possible as traditional patterns and attitudes were abandoned or transformed. |
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| the belief that development and underdevelopment were not stages but were part of the same process; that development and growth of areas like western Europe were achieved at the expense of underdevelopment of dependent regions like Latin America. |
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| one of Juárez's generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876 and dominated politics for 35 years. |
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| advisors to Díaz's government who were influenced strongly by Positivist ideas. |
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| fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; resulted in annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines; permitted American intervention in the Caribbean. |
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| the United States supported an independence movement in Panama, then part of Colombia, in return for the exclusive rights for a canal across the Panama isthmus. |
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