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| huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization. |
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| preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers become full or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial Revolution. |
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| rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States. |
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| overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe |
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| Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution. |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen: |
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| adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements. |
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| introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror. |
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| leader of the radical phase of the French Revolution; presided over the Reign of Terror; arrested and executed by moderate revolutionaries. |
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| army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815. |
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| met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power. |
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| political ideology that flourished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments. |
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| followers of a 19th-century western European political emphasis: advocated broader voting rights than liberals; urged reforms favoring the lower classes. |
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| political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class. |
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| European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other "isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic origins. |
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| rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan empire. |
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| French Revolution of 1830: |
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| second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement which created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy. |
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| Belgian Revolution of 1830: |
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| produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a constitutional monarchy. |
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| British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class. |
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| British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class. |
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| devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution. |
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| intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline. |
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| workers in Britain who responded to the replacement of their labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy machines; named after the fictional worker Ned Ludd. |
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| unsuccessful attempt by British artisans and workers to gain the vote during the 1840s. |
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| French Revolution of 1848: |
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| overthrew the French monarchy established in 1830; briefly established the 2nd French Republic. |
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| the nationalist and liberal movements within the Habsburg Empire (Italy, Germany, Austria, Hungary); after temporary success they were suppressed. |
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| discoverer of germs and of the purifying process named after him. |
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| British politician; granted the vote to working-class males in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stability through reform. |
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| architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the King of Piedmont.\ |
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| conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; utilized liberal reforms to maintain stability. |
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| American Civil War (1861-1865): |
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| fought to prevent secession of the southern states; the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the United States. |
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| political system in Italy that allied conservative and liberals in support of the status quo. |
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| issues relating to workers and women, in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870. |
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| German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship. |
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| socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions. |
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| sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women. |
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| an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports. |
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| biologist who developed the theory of evolution of species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival. |
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| formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; about 1900 issued the theory of relativity. |
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| Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human unconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses. |
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| 19th western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection. |
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| historical argument that the development of the United States was largely individualistic and that contact with Europe was incidental to American formation. |
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| alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European balance of power system before World War I. |
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| agreement between Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before World War I. |
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| movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system that ended with the outbreak of World War I. |
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