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| Asian sea trading network: |
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| divided, from west to east, into three zones prior to the European arrival; an Arab zone based upon glass, carpets, and tapestries; an Indian with cotton textiles; a Chinese with paper, porcelain, and silks. |
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| Indian city developed by the Portuguese as a major Indian Ocean base; developed an important Indo-European population. |
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| Portuguese establishment at the southern end of the Persian Gulf; a major trading base. |
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| city on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; a center for trade to the southeastern Asian islands; became a major Portuguese trading base. |
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| Dutch establishment on Java; created in 1620. |
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| reduced the remaining independent Javanese princes to vassals of the Dutch East India Company; allowed the Dutch to monopolize Java's coffee production. |
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| northern island of the Philippines; conquered by Spain during the 1560s; site of a major Catholic missionary effort. |
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| southern island of the Philippines; a Muslim area able to successfully resist Spanish conquest. |
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| Franciscan missionary who worked in India during the 1540s among outcast and lower caste groups; later worked in Japan. |
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| Italian Jesuit active in India during the early 1600s; failed in a policy of first converting indigenous elites. |
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| first Ming emperor (1368-1403); drove out the Mongols and restored the position of the scholar-gentry. |
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| the only two ports in Ming China where Europeans were allowed to trade. |
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| The Water Margin, Monkey, and The Golden Lotus: |
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| novels written during the Ming period; recognized as classics and established standards for Chinese prose literature. |
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| Chinese admiral who led seven overseas trade expeditions under Ming emperor Yunglo between 1405 and 1423; demonstrated that the Chinese were capable of major ocean exploration. |
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| Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall: |
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| Jesuit scholars at the Ming court; also skilled scientists; won few converts to Christianity. |
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| last of the Ming rulers; committed suicide in 1644 as rebels invaded the Forbidden City of Beijing. |
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| Jurchen people from region to the northeast of the Chinese empire; seized power and created the Qing dynasty after the collapse of the Ming. |
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| the first Japanese daimyo to make extensive use of firearms; in 1573 deposed the last Ashikaga shogun; unified much of central Honshu; died in 1582. |
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| general under Nobunaga; succeeded as a leading military power in central Japan; continued efforts to break power of the diamyos; became military master of Japan in 1590; died 1598. |
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| vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as the most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate; established political unity in Japan. |
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| Tokugawa capital, modern-day Tokyo; center of Tokugawa shogunate. |
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| island port in Nagasaki Bay; the only port open to foreigners, the Dutch, after the 1640s. |
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| School of National Learning: |
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| 18th-century ideology that emphasized Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Confucianism and other Chinese influences. |
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