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| Turkic people who advanced into Asia Minor during the 14th century; established an empire in the Middle East, North Africa, and eastern Europe that lasted until after Word War I. |
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| Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; captured Constantinople and destroyed Byzantine empire. |
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| conscripted youths from conquered regions who were trained as Ottoman infantry divisions; became an important political influence after the 15th century. |
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| head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after the 15th century often more powerful than the sultan. |
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| great mosque built in Constantinople during the 16th century Ottoman ruler Suleyman the magnificent. |
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| founded by a Turkic nomad family with Shi'a Islamic beliefs; established a kingdom in Iran and ruled until 1722. |
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| Sufi mystic and first ruler of the Safavid dynasty. |
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| Safavid leader; conquered the city of Tabriz in 1501 and was proclaimed shah. |
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| an important battle between the Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Ottoman victory demonstrated the importance of firearms and checked the western advance of their Shi'a state. |
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| Safavid shah (1587-1629); extended the empire to its greatest extent; used Western military technology. |
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| Shi’a religious leaders who traced their descent to Ali's successors. |
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| religious leaders under the Safavids; worked to convert all subjects to Shi’ism. |
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| Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city exemplifying Safavid architecture. |
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| established by Turkic invaders in 1526; endured until the mid-19th century. |
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| Turkic leader who founded Mughal dynasty; died in 1530. |
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| son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540 but returned to restore the dynasty in 1556. |
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| son and successor of Humayn; built up the military and administrative structure of the dynasty; followed policies of cooperation and toleration with the Hindu majority. |
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| religion initiated by Akbar that blended elements of Islam and Hinduism; did not survive his death. |
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| ritual burning of high-caste Hindu women on their husband’s funeral pyres. |
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| mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, built by her husband Shah Jahan; most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India. |
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| wife of ruler Jahangir who amassed power at the Mughal court and created a faction ruling the empire during the later years of his reign. |
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| son and successor of Shah Jahan; pushed extent of Mughal control in India; reversed previous policies to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare depleted the empire's resources; died in 1707. |
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