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| Prince of the Duchy of Moscow; responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols; took the title of tsar (Caesar). |
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| Russian claim to be the successor of the Roman and Byzantine empires. |
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| confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture. |
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| peasant-adventurers with agricultural and military skills recruited to conquer and settle in newly seized lands in southern Russia and Siberia. |
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| early 17th century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion following the death without an heir of Ivan IV; ended with the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. |
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| ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917. |
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| 2nd ruler of the dynasty; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over the Orthodox church. |
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| conservative Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many were exiled to southern Russia or Siberia. |
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| tsar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models. |
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| Baltic city made the new capital of Russia by Peter I. |
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| German-born Russian tsarina; combined receptivity to selective Enlightenment ideas with strong centralizing policies; converted the nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them new power over the peasantry. |
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| three separate divisions of Polish territory between Russia, Prussia and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as an independent state. |
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| labor obligations of Russian peasants owed either to their landlords or to the state; part of the increased burdens placed on the peasantry during the 18th century. |
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| unsuccessful peasant rising led by cossack Emelyan Pugachev during the 1770s; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter. |
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