Term
|
Definition
| culture that ruled Rome prior to the republic; ruled through powerful kings and well organized armies; Romans won independence ca. 510 B.C.E. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ordinary citizens; originally Roman families that could not trace relationships to one of the major Roman clans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two chief executives of the Roman republic; elected annually by the assembly dominated by the aristocracy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the social relationship whereby wealthy Roman landholders offered protection and financial aid to lesser citizens in return for political and labor support. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the basic infantry unit of the Roman military; developed during the republic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| founded by the Phoenicians in Tunisia; became a major empire in the western Mediterranean; fought the three Punic wars with Rome for Mediterranean dominance; defeated and destroyed by the Romans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carthaginian general during the 2nd Punic War; invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; finally defeated in Africa at battle of Zama. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the balanced political system of Rome from ca. 510 to 47 B.C.E.; featured an aristocratic senate, a panel of magistrates, and popular assemblies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plebeian officials elected annually during the Roman republic. |
|
|
Term
| Tiberius and Galus Gracchus: |
|
Definition
| tribunes who attempted to introduce land and citizenship reform under the late Roman republic; both killed by order of the Senate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Roman general during the last century B.C.E.; introduced the use of paid volunteers in the army rather than citizen conscripts; became a military force with personal loyalty to its commander. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conservative military commander during the last century B.C.E.; attempted to reinforce powers of the Senate and to counter the influence of Marius. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| general responsible for the conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in 44 B.C.E. by conservative senators. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| later took name of Augustus; Julius Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son; defeated conservative senators after Caesar's assassination; became first Roman emperor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conservative senator and Stoic philosopher; one of the great orators of his day. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a great Roman epic poet during the Golden Age of Latin literature; author of the Aeneid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poet who adapted Greek poetic meters to Latin; author of lyrical poetry laudatory of the empire. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poet exiled by Augustus for sensual poetry considered out of touch with imperial policies stressing family virtues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| historian who linked the Roman empire to the traditions of the republican past; stressed the virtues thought to be popular during the early empire. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| general principles of law applicable to all societies; became a fundamental concept of the Roman empire's legal system; related to Stoic ethical theory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emperor (101-106 B.C.E.); instituted a more aggressive imperial foreign policy resulting in expansion of the empire to its greatest limits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Jewish teacher and prophet; believed by his followers to be the Messiah; executed by the Romans ca. 30 C.E. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heads of regional Christian churches. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| early Christian leader; moved away from the insistence that adherents of the new religion follow Jewish law; used Greek as the language of the church. |
|
|
