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| means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of band social organization. |
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| societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups. |
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| the Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of evolving stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence. |
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| the New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished. |
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| cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies. |
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| societies engaged in either hunting and gathering for subsistence or in migratory cultivation; not as stratified or specialized as civilized and nomadic societies. |
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| combinations of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction. |
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| the species of humanity that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic. |
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| species of genus homo that disappeared at the end of the Paleolithic. |
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| a level of social organization normally consisting of between 20 and 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis. |
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| occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture. |
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| preagricultural culture; located in present -day Israel, Jordan, and Lebanon; practiced collection of wild barley and wheat to supplement game; large settlement sites. |
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| a culture in which young men upon marriage go to live with the bride's family. |
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| family descent and inheritance traced through the female line. |
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| a nomadic agricultural life-style based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies. |
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| Huanghe or Yellow river basin |
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| site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China. |
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| Mexico and Central America; along with Peru, site of development of sedentary agriculture in western hemisphere. |
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| early walled urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern Israel-occupied West Bank near Jordan river. |
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| early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jerico, had greater degree of social stratification. |
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| from 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing. |
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