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Wood Unit 4 Vocab
Vocabulary for Unit 4
79
Geography
9th Grade
01/19/2013

Additional Geography Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Balkanization
Definition
Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
Term
Binational/Multinational State
Definition
One that contains more than one nation
Term
Boundary
Definition
Invisible lines that make the extent of a state's territory and the control thats its leaders have
Term
Centripetal Force
Definition
Bind together the people of a state, giving it strength
Term
Centrifugal Force
Definition
Destabilize the government and encourage the country to fall apart
Term
Cold War
Definition
The competition between two superpowers - the U.S and Soviet Union - for control of land all over the world
Term
Colonies
Definition
Dependent areas
Term
Command Economy
Definition
Socialist principles of centralized planning and state ownership
Term
Compact States
Definition
Distance from the center to any boundary is about the same
Term
Confederal System
Definition
Spreads the power among many sub-units (such as states), and has a weak central government
Term
Consequent Boundaries
Definition
Another name for cultural boundaries
Term
Core Area
Definition
Place where a country first starts to grow
Term
Core-Periphery
Definition
Outlying Areas
Term
Cultural Boundary
Definition
Boundaries between states are set by ethnic differences, especially those based on language and/or religion
Term
Democratization
Definition
Action of making something democratic
Term
Devolution
Definition
The transfer of some important powers from central government to sub-governments
Term
Disputes: Positional, Territorial, Resource, Functional
Definition

Positional: occur when states argue where the border actually is

 

Territorial: arise over the ownership of a region, usually around mutual borders

 

Resource: involve natural resources that lie in boundary areas

 

Functional: arise when neighboring states cannot agree on policies that applying a boder area

Term
Economic Force
Definition
Force that can divide and destabilize a state due to economic inequalities and differences
Term
Electoral Geography
Definition
Study of how the spatial configuration of electoral districts and voting patterns reflect and influnce social and political affairs
Term
Elongated States
Definition
states have a long and narrow shape
Term
Exclaves
Definition
small bits of territory that lie on coasts separated from the state by the territory of another state
Term
Enclaves
Definition
landlocked within another country, so that the country totally surrounds it
Term
Ethnic Force
Definition
A force that divide and destabilize a state due to strong ethnic groups with identities that differs from those of the majority or ethnonationalism
Term
Ethnonationalism
Definition
The tendency for an ethnic group to see itself as a distinct nation with a right to autonomy or independence
Term
European Constitution
Definition
An unratified international treaty intended to crate a consolidated constitution for the European Union
Term
European Monetay Union
Definition
A European Union program intended toward full economic unity in Europe based on the phased introduction of a common currency
Term
European Union
Definition
A regional organization that promises to redifine the meaning of soverignty
Term
Federal System
Definition
Divides the power between the central government and the sub-units
Term
Forward Capital
Definition
Capital city serves as a model for national objectives
Term
Fragmentation
Definition
Divisions based on ethnic or cultural identity
Term
Fragmented States
Definition
Has several discontinuous pieces of territory
Term
Frontiers
Definition
A geographic zone where no state exercies power (thick lines)
Term
Geometric Boundaries
Definition
Straight, imaginary lines that generally have good reasons behind their creation
Term
Gerrymandering
Definition
Process where the political party in control attempts to redraw boundaries to improve the chances of its supports to win seats
Term
Geopolitics
Definition
The study of the spatial and territorial dimensions of power relationships within the global political-territorial order
Term
Globalization
Definition
Growth to a global or worldwide scale; commonalities among nations
Term
Government
Definition
A reference to the leader ship and institutions that make policy decisions for a country
Term
Heartland Theory
Definition
States that the "pivot are" of the earth - Eurasia - holds the resources, both natural and human, to dominate the globe
Term
Imperialism
Definition
Empire Building
Term
Institutions
Definition
Stable, long lasting organizations that help to turn political ideas into policy
Term
Integration
Definition
Process that encourages states to pool their sovereignty in order to gain political, economic, and social clout
Term
Internal Boundaries
Definition
Boundaries that divide the interiors of a country into sections
Term
Irredentism
Definition
When people of one state want to annex a territory whose population is ethnically related to them
Term
Landlocked States
Definition
Those lacking ocean frontage and surrounded by other states
Term
Market Economy
Definition
One that does not allow for significant control from the central government
Term
Marketization
Definition
Term that describes the states re-creation of a market in which property, labor, goods, and services can all function in a competitive environment to determine their value
Term
Median-Line Principle
Definition
An approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the mid-point between two places
Term
Microstates
Definition
Countries with land spaces of just a few square miles
Term
Minority/Majority Distracting
Definition
Rearranging districts to allow a minority representative to be elected
Term
Mixed Economy
Definition
Allows for significant control from the central government
Term
Monetary Policy
Definition
Control of the money supply
Term
Multicore State
Definition
State with more than one core area
Term
Nation
Definition
A group of people that is bound together by a common political identity
Term
Nation-State
Definition
A state whose territorial extent coincides with that occupied by a distinct nation or poeple, or at least, whose population shares a general sense of unity and allegiance to a set of common values
Term
Nationalism
Definition
Shape of the country's territory comes to represent a national consciousness
Term
Perforated States
Definition
Compact state with a large projecting extension
Term
Physical Boundary
Definition
Features, such as mountains and lakes, that mark the extent of a state's territory and the control that its leaders have
Term
Political Geography
Definition
The study of the political organization of the planet
Term
Political Culture
Definition
The collection of political beliefs, values, practices, and institutions that the government is based on
Term
Politicization of Religion
Definition
The use of religious principles to promote political ends and vice versa
Term
Politics
Definition
All about Power
Term
Primate City
Definition
 When no other city comes even close to rivaling the capital city in terms of size or influence
Term
Privatization 
Definition
Transfer of state-owned property to private ownership
Term
Ratzel, Friedrich
Definition
In the 19th Century, when he theorized that a state compares to a biological organism with a life cycle from birth to death, with a predictable rise and fall of power
Term
Relative Location
Definition
Location of a place in relation to another place
Term
Rimland Theory
Definition
Argued that the Eurasian rim, not its hearts, held the key to global oceans and seas
Term
Security Council
Definition
The members (UN) can vote to extablish a preacekeeping force in a "hot spot" and request states to contribute military forces
Term
Separatist Movement
Definition
Nationalities within a country demand independence
Term
Shatter Belts
Definition
Zones of great cultural complexitycontaining many small cultural groups who fine refuge in the isolation created by rough terrain
Term
Soverignity
Definition
The ability of the state to carry out actions or policies within its borders independently from interference either from the inside or the outside
Term
Spatial Force
Definition
A Force that can divide and destabalize a state due to distance, remoteness, and peripheral location
Term
Stateless Nation
Definition
A people without a state
Term
States
Definition
Countries
Term
Supranational Organization
Definition
Cooperating groups of nations that operate on either a regional or international level
Term
Territorial Morphology
Definition
Term that describes the shapes, sizes, and relation locations of states
Term
Territoriality
Definition
Efforts to control pieces of the earths surface for political and social ends
Term
"Third Wave" of Democratization
Definition
Refers to the third major surge of democracy in history; characterized by the defeat of dictatorial or totalitarian rulers from South America to Easturn Europe to some parts of Africa
Term
Three Pillars
Definition
Spheres of authority that the Maastricht Treaty created:
1. Trade and other economic matters, including economic and monetary union into a single currency, and the creation of the European Central Bank
2. Justice and home affairs, including policy governing asylum, border crossing, immigration, and judicial cooperation on crime and terrorism
3. Common foreign and security policy, including joint positions and actions, and common defense policy
Term
Unitary State
Definition
A country that concentrates all policy-making powers in one central geographic place
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