Term
|
Definition
| The study of the diseases of the female reproductive organs and breasts |
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Term
| Define Papanicolaou Test (PAP SMEAR) |
|
Definition
| Microscopic examination of cells scraped from the opening of the cervix (cervical os) |
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|
Term
| Purpose of Papanicolaou Test (PAP SMEAR) |
|
Definition
1)Detects cervical cancer and precancerous lesions
2)Identify presence sexually transmitted infections
3) Increased incidence of Cervical Cancer in those who have had/have Human papilloma virus (HPV) |
|
|
Term
| Frequency of Papanicolaou Test (PAP SMEAR) in relation to early cancer detection |
|
Definition
1)Start at age 21
2)After first test: every two years to check for cervical cancer
3)Over age 30 or negative Pap smears for 3 years in a row, practitioner may recommend Pap smears every 3 years
4)If new sexual partner(s), you should have a Pap smear every 2 years.
5)After age 65-70: Most women can stop having Pap smears as long as they have had three negative tests within the past 10 years
6)New sexual partner after age 65 -begin having Pap smear screening again… |
|
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Term
| Facts about Cervical Cancer |
|
Definition
1)Unregulated growth of abnormal cells in the cervix
2)Most common cancer of reproductive system
3)May become invasive and spread to tissue outside cervix, fundus of uterus, and lymph glands |
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Term
| Therapeutic Measures - Cervical Cancer |
|
Definition
1)Treatment depends on extent of disease
2)Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 90% of cervical cancers
3)Gradual onset
4)Spreads by direct invasion of accessory structures |
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Term
|
Definition
1)Explain procedure and answer questions
2)Instruct patient to empty bladder
3)Assemble equipment –maintain sterility
4)Position patient on stirrups or foot pedals –so knees fall outward
5)Drape patient with sheet for privacy –cover abdomen leaving peri-area exposed
6)Assisting physician by opening packaging as needed |
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Term
| Pelvic Exam - Post-Exam (Responsibilities of LVN) |
|
Definition
1)Encourage patient to relax and provide support as practitioner collects specimen.
2)Specimen collection –transfer specimen to slide and spray with fixative; label and prepare for transport to lab (Ricci, 2013).
3)Post examination care –Gently assist patient to remove feet from stirrups and into a sitting position; provide tissue for quick clean up; provide privacy for getting dressed |
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Term
| Pelvic Exam - EXAMINATION ETIQUETTE AND COMMUNICATION |
|
Definition
1)Language and technique should avoid sexual innuendo and maximize patient control and comfort.
2)Positioning on the table should be accomplished with verbal cues and need only include physical contact if patient requests assistance.
A)We dislike the common practice of indicating optimal positioning by contact with the examiners hand at the end of the table and instead provide a verbal signal –”move down to the end of the table” (Bates, Carroll, & Potter, 2011).
3)To respect modesty and maintain warmth, torso and legs are kept draped. We alert patients of examiner and instrument touch before they occur
B)Many women, especially adolescents, worry that their genitalia are abnormal. We therefore reassure with normal findings throughout the exam and inform the patient that the procedure may cause short-term spotting (Bates, Carroll, & Potter, 2011). |
|
|
Term
| Define Amenorrhea and provide primary and secondary causes |
|
Definition
Absence of menstruation.
Primary:
Structural abnormality
Hormonal imbalances
Polycystic ovary disease
Imperforate hymen
Secondary:
Absence of menstruation in previously menstruating woman.
Anorexia nervosa
Excessive athletic activity
Hormonal imbalance
Pregnancy
Ovarian tumors |
|
|
Term
| Define Dysmenorrhea and provide primary and secondary causes |
|
Definition
Pain associated with menstruation.
Primary:
Excess prostaglandins cause uterine muscle fibers to contract, producing uterine ischemia and painful cramps.
Onset is just prior or at start of first menstrual flow –lasting from a few hours to several days.
Secondary:
Related to underlying conditions that cause scarring or injury to reproductive tract:
Endometriosis
Fibroid tumors
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Ovarian cancer. |
|
|
Term
| Define Menorrhagia and what are its causes |
|
Definition
Excessive or prolonged menstruation.
Thyroid disorders
Endometriosis
PID
Ovarian cysts
Uterine fibroids |
|
|
Term
| Define Metrorrhagia and what are its causes |
|
Definition
Bleeding between menstrual periods.
Hormonal imbalances
PID
Cervical or uterine
Polyps or cancer
Early evaluation for cancer is important! |
|
|
Term
| Risk Factors of Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) |
|
Definition
1)Constant downward gravity due to erect human posture
2)Atrophy of supporting tissues with aging and decline of estrogen levels
3)Weakening of pelvic support related to childbirth trauma
4)Reproductive surgery
5)Family history of POP
6)Connective tissue disorders
7)Pelvic radiation
8)Increased abdominal pressure secondary to:
a)Lifting of children or heavy objects
b)Straining due to chronic constipation
c)Respiratory problems or chronic coughing
d)Obesity |
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Term
|
Definition
| A bulging of the bladder into the vagina |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A herniation of the rectum into the vagina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when the uterus descends through the posterior vaginal wall |
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|
Term
| Symptoms associated with Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) |
|
Definition
Urinary symptoms:
1)Stress incontinence
2)Frequency (day and night)
3)Urgency and urge incontinence
4)Hesitancy
5)Poor or prolonged stream
6)Feeling of incomplete emptying
Bowel symptoms:
1)Difficulty in defecation
2)Incontinence of flatus
3)Feeling of incomplete evacuation
4)Rectal protrusion or prolapse after defecation |
|
|
Term
| Sexual and Local symptoms of POP |
|
Definition
Sexual symptoms:
1)Inability to have frequent intercourse
2)Dyspareunia
3)Lack of satisfaction of orgasm
4)Incontinence during sexual activity
Other local symptoms:
1)Pressure or heaviness in vagina
2)Pain in vagina or perineum
3)Low back pain after long periods of standing
4)Palpable bulge in vaginal vault
5)Difficulty inserting or keeping a tampon in place
6)Vaginal-cervical mucosa hypertrophy, excoriation, ulceration, and bleeding
Abdominal pressure or pain |
|
|
Term
| Define Uterine prolapse and describe by degree. |
|
Definition
Uterus descends through the pelvic floor and into the vagina canal
Multiparous women are at particular risk
Extent of uterine prolapse is described in terms of degree:
First degree:
Prolapse of the organ into the vaginal canal
Second degree:
Cervix descends into the vaginal introitus
Third degree:
Cervix is below the vaginal introitus |
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|
Term
| Define stress incontinence |
|
Definition
Accidental leakage of urine that occurs with increased pressure on the bladder from:
Coughing
Sneezing
Laughing
Physical exertion
Develops commonly in women in 40s-50s usually as result of weakened pelvic floor muscles following childbirth
Involuntary loss of small amount of urine in response to physical activity that raises intra-abdominal pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thorough health history and physical exam:
OB history:
Number of pregnancies
Weight of newborn(s)
Pregnancy spacing
Chronic respiratory condition:
Chronic coughing
Menopausal status
Weight history:
Loss or gain
Constipation:
Frequency
Chronicity
Age
Family history:
Family member with POP
Urinary incontinence
Previous pelvic surgeries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nursing Dx:
PAIN r/t RELAXATION of PELVIC SUPPORT & ELIMINATION DIFFICULTIES.
Outcome Identification and Evaluation:
Patient reports <4/10 pain level within 1-2 hours of intervention.
Interventions:
Providing pain management: |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Colporrhaphy (also vaginal wall repair, anterior and/or posterior colporrhaphy, anterior and/or posterior vaginal wall repair, or simply A/P repair or A&P repair) is a surgical procedure in humans that repairs a defect in the wall of the vagina. It is the surgical intervention for both cystocele (protrusion of the urinary bladder into the vagina) and rectocele (protrusion of the rectum into the vagina) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Kegel exercises:
Strengthen pelvic floor muscles –UP elevator…
Estrogen replacement therapy:
May improve tone and vascularity of supporting tissue in peri-menopausal/menopausal women by increasing blood perfusion and elasticity of vaginal wall
Dietary and lifestyle changes:
Intended to decrease constipation and straining at stool
Use of pessary:
Plastic or silicone device placed into vagina to support uterus, bladder, and rectum as a space-filling device
Replaces normal pressure on vaginal walls
Most commonly used pessary: FIRM RING
Fitted by trial and error
Surgery
Not an option for all women, especially:
High-risk of recurrent prolapse
Morbid obesity
COPD
High-risk of complications from general anesthesia.
Anterior and posterior colporrhaphy:
Tightens anterior and posterior vaginal wall
Repairs rectocele or cystocele
Supportive tissue between vagina and bladder is folded and sutured to bring bladder and urethra into proper position.
Vaginal hysterectomy:
Treatment of choice for uterine prolapse |
|
|
Term
| Define Obstetrical Fistulas |
|
Definition
Abnormal openings between a genital tract organ and another organ, such as the urinary tract and gastrointestinal tract
Majority are due to obstetrical trauma…
Obstructed or prolonged labor prolonged compression between fetal head and posterior pubis ischemia pressure necrosis fistula formation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vesicovaginal:
Between bladder and genital tract
Urethrovaginal:
Between urethra and vagina
Rectovaginal:
Between rectum OR sigmoid colon and vagina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Treatment of choice for uterine prolapse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two most common causative organisms: |
|
|
Term
| Chlamydia Anti-infectives |
|
Definition
o Azithromycin
o Doxycycline
o Erythromycin
o Ofloxacin |
|
|
Term
| Gonorrhea Anti-infectives |
|
Definition
o Cefiximine
o Ciprofloxacin
o Ceftriaxone
o Ofloxacin
o Levofloxin
o Azithromycin
o Doxycycline |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Syphilis |
|
Definition
• Complex
• Curable
• Bacterial –Treponema pallidum
• Systemic:
• May lead to disability and death if untreated.
• Important STI:
• Biological effect on HIV acquisition and
transmission.
• Impact on infant health. |
|
|
Term
| What was the Tuskegee Syphilus Study |
|
Definition
Conducted 1932-1974
In the 1930s the U. S. Public
Health Service began studying
the effects of syphilis on
African-American men
The men were given periodic
medical examinations but were
not treated |
|
|
Term
Caring for the patent with gynecological
infection: |
|
Definition
o Strict-medical-ASEPSIS!
o Peri-pad application: Change every 4 hours
o Removal and disposal of peri-pad:
o Peri care: - Wipe front to back
o Use of tampons and diaphragm: Not recommended during course of infection |
|
|
Term
| Best time to take have your mammogram |
|
Definition
| Pick a day and schedule for same day everytime |
|
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Term
|
Definition
o Expulsion of an embryo or fetus before it is viable
o Termination of pregnancy
o Medical or surgical:
• Safe in the U.S.
• Medical –medication to induce miscarriage.
• Surgical –usually vacuum extraction or suction
curettage.
o Surgical abortion is the most common procedure
performed in U.S. –perhaps, the world. |
|
|
Term
| Dilation and curettage (D&C: |
|
Definition
o Surgical procedure that expands the cervical canal
of the uterus –dilation, so that the surface lining of the
uterine wall can be scraped –curettage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Bits of functioning endometrial tissue are located outside of
their normal site, the uterine cavity.
• Commonly found attached to the ovaries, fallopian tubes, the
outer surface of uterus, area between vagina and rectum
(rectovaginal septum), and pelvic side wall.
• Where the tissue attaches –implants, or lesions.
• Responds to hormones released during
menstrual cycle in same way.
• Beginning of menstrual cycle, implants swell
and bleed just as endometrial lining inside
uterus.
o Mini-periods throughout abdomen |
|
|
Term
| Endometriosis - Risk Factors & Clinical Manifestations |
|
Definition
o Risk factors:
• Increasing age
• Family history in first-degree relative
• Short cycles (< 28 days)
• Prolonged flow (> 1 week)
• Young age at menarche (< 12 years)
• Few (1-2) or no pregnancies
o Clinical manifestations:
• Infertility
• Pain before /after periods
• Pain before/after sexual intercourse
• Depression
• Fatigue
• Painful bowel movements
• Chronic pelvic pain
• Heavy menses
• Pelvic adhesions
• Irregular/frequent periods
• Premenstrual spotting |
|
|
Term
| Endometriosis - Diagnosing |
|
Definition
o Pelvic or transvaginal ultrasound:
• Assess pelvic organ structures.
o Laparoscopy:
• Required to diagnose endometriosis.
o Only certain method of diagnosing is by seeing it |
|
|
Term
| Endometriosis - Therapy Options |
|
Definition
Surgical interventions:
o Conservative surgery
Removal of implants/lesions using laser, cautery, or small surgical instruments. This intervention will reduce pain and allows pregnancy to occur in the future
o Definitive surgery
Abdominal hysterectomy, with or without bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Will eliminate pain but will leave woman unable to become pregnant in the future
• Medication therapy:
o NSAIDS
o Oral contraceptives
o Progestin
o Anti-estrogens
o Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues
o Danazol |
|
|
Term
There has been an
increased incidence of infection of the Bartholin’s
glands due to which trend among young women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which type of ovarian cysts is caused by the failure
of the ovarian follicle to rupture at the time of ovulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When advising a woman of methods of managing
urinary incontinence, the nurse may include control
of blood glucose levels to prevent which condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cervical polyps often appear at what time during puberty? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The incidence of endometrial polyps peaks in which decade of a woman’s life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Leiomyoma refers to which benign proliferations of composed of smooth muscle and fibrous
connective tissue in the uterus? |
|
Definition
| Submucosal, intramural, and subserosal fibroids |
|
|
Term
| Identify predisposing factors associated with the cause of fibroids. |
|
Definition
Age (late reproductive years)
Genetic predisposition
African American ethnicity
Hypertension
Nulliparity
Obesity |
|
|
Term
| Laparoscopically-assisted vaginal hysterectomy has many advantages. Disadvantages may include injury to which genitourinary organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nurse is teaching a patient scheduled for cryosurgery –she explains that the the affected tissue will be removed by which method? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the term “in-situ” refer to if a patient is
diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the
endometrium in-situ? |
|
Definition
| It hasn't metastasized to other organs |
|
|
Term
Which medical interventions may be included in the treatment of osteoporosis in the postmenopausal
woman? |
|
Definition
weight-bearing exercise
increase vitamin D & calcium intake
avoid smoking and excessive alcohol
Monitor bone density with testing |
|
|
Term
| Which educational guidelines would the nurse emphasize to a patient diagnosed with vaginitis? |
|
Definition
Avoid douching
Use condoms
avoid tights, nylon underpants, & tight clothes
Wipe from front to back
avoid powders, bubble baths, & perfumed vaginal sprays
wear clean cotton underpants |
|
|
Term
| Name of surgical instrument that provides light and magnification during cervical biopsy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When should a Pap smear be scheduled for a patient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A postmenopausal woman with a prolapsed uterus is being fitted with a pessary. Which potential side effects should the patient report to practitioner? |
|
Definition
| Vaginal discharge and odor, infection, & bleeding. |
|
|
Term
Which GYN procedure is used to confirm a
diagnosis of endometrial cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A 54-year old woman reports an onset of painless red postmenopausal bleeding. The nurse suspects which GYN disorder? |
|
Definition
| Endometrial cancer (uterine cancer), polyps, endometrial atrophy |
|
|
Term
| 63-year old patient with ovarian cancer is scheduled to receive chemotherapy. What adverse effect of the treatment should the nurse monitor for this patient? |
|
Definition
| Fatigue, pain, sores in throat and mouth, diarrhea, N/V, constipation, blood disorders, anorexia, hair loss, changes in memory and thinking, sexual and reproductive issues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Radiographic technique:
• GOLD STANDARD for
detecting cysts or tumors
of the breast –some of
which may be too small to
palpate
—Screening test for breast
cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Abnormal enlargement of one
or both breasts in males
◦ Usually temporary and benign
◦ May be caused by:
– Hormonal imbalance.
– Tumor of adrenal, testis, pituitary.
– Medications containing estrogen.
–Failure of liver to inactivate
circulating estrogen
alcoholic cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Only the tumor is
removed.
◦ Some axillary lymph nodes
may be excised at the same
time for microscopic
examination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Excision of breast tissue:
◦ Simple –only breast tissue
removed
◦ Radical –some chest muscle
and lymph nodes in axilla
◦ Modified radical –chest
muscles that move arm are
preserved |
|
|
Term
| Modified-radical mastectomy |
|
Definition
The breast, some lymph
nodes, the lining over the
chest muscles, and the
pectoralis minor muscles
are removed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cystic carcinoma –malignant
neoplasm containing closed
cavities or sac-like spaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
New growths of
abnormal tissue:
◦ Tumor(s) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Spreading of cancer cells
to adjacent tissues:
◦ Lymph vessels into tissues
adjacent to lymphatic vessels
◦ Transport from blood or
lymph systems
◦ Diffusion within a body cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Disorder in which obstructed
lymph circulation causes an
accumulation of lymph within
soft tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Removal of a small piece of
living tissue from an organ or
other part of the body fro
microscopic examination to
confirm or establish a
diagnosis, estimate prognosis,
or follow course of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Surgical procedure to
enlarge the breast:
◦ Augmentation mammoplasty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Plastic reshaping of breasts:
◦ Reduce or lift large or sagging
breasts
◦ Reconstruct after removal of
tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– One in eight women develops breast cancer
– Increases with age - > 50 years
– Family history.
– Radiation exposure during childhood/adolescence.
– Previous cancer:
– Breast, colon, endometrial.
– Chronic alcohol consumption.
– Early menarche-late menopause.
– Obesity
– No children or after 30 years of age.
– Caucasian –but more African-American die!
– Men also develop breast cancer –but less often
MOST women diagnosed have NONE of the
identified risks EXCEPT being female over 50 years
old! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Painless mass in breast –most often in upper outer
quadrant
– In-situ –without invading surrounding tissue
– Bloody discharge from nipple
– Dimpling of skin over lesion
– Retraction of nipple
– Peau d’orange –orange peel appearance of skin
– Difference in size between breasts
– Lesion:
– Fixed or movable
– Enlarged lymph nodes
Many of these signs depend on several factors, such
as type, location, and duration of the tumor |
|
|
Term
| Fibrocystic Breast Disease: |
|
Definition
– Benign breast disease (BBD)
– Benign breast condition that affects women primarily
between ages of 20-50 years old
– More accurately defined as a CHANGE rather than a
disease
– Cause is related to breast tissue responses to estrogen
and progesterone –enlargement and swelling of glands
and ducts
– Does not increase the risk of breast cancer
Fibrocystic changes make breast exams and mammograms more
difficult to interpret –early cancerous lesions may be overlooked |
|
|
Term
| Fibrocystic Breast Disease - S/S, diagnosis, & prevention |
|
Definition
– Nipple discharge –may or may not be present
– Bilateral –upper, outer quadrant
– Lesions
– Tenderness!
◦ Diagnosis and Treatment:!
– Aspiration and biopsy
– Limit caffeine
– Ibuprofen
– Supportive bra |
|
|
Term
| Importance of monthly breast self-exam |
|
Definition
Early detection
◦ Early diagnosis
◦ Early treatment |
|
|
Term
| Breast Cancer - Surgical Options |
|
Definition
◦ Lumpectomy with radiation –breast-conserving
surgery:
– Least invasive
– Often used for early-stage localized tumors
– Results are less dramatic and emotionally less scarring
than mastectomy
Sentinel lymph node biopsy:
– May also be performed to prevent metastisis to other
parts of the body through the lymph system
– If malignant cells are found in nodes, more aggressive
treatment may be needed
◦ Mastectomy
– Simple mastectomy:
– Removal of all breast tissue, nipple, and areola
– Axillary nodes and pectoral muscles left intact
– When large tumor or NO METASTASIS
– Modified-radical mastectomy:
– Removal of breast tissue, and a few positive axillary nodes
– Conducive to breast reconstruction
– Results in greater mobility and less lymphadema |
|
|
Term
| Breast Cancer - Chemotherapy |
|
Definition
Use of drugs that are toxic to ALL CELLS and interfere
with cell’s ability to reproduce –particularly effective
against malignant cells
– Affect all rapidly dividing cells, especially those of the skin,
hair follicles, mouth, GI tract, and bone marrow
Side Effects
Typical side effects:
– Nausea and vomiting
– Diarrhea or constipation
– Hair loss and weight loss
– Stomatitis
– Fatigue
– Immunosupression –bone marrow suppression |
|
|
Term
| Breast Cancer - Radiation |
|
Definition
Radiation therapy:
– Uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells that might
have been left behind in the breast, chest wall, and
axillary area after a tumor has been surgically removed
– Serial radiation doses given five days a week to tumor
site for 6-8 weeks postop
– Treatment only takes a few minutes, but dose is
cumulative
Delivered several ways:
– External beam –focused dose
– Internal –tiny pellets placed inside tumor
– Side effects:
– Inflammation
– Local edema
– Anorexia
– Swelling
– Heaviness in chest
– Sunburn-like skin changes in treated area
– Fatigue |
|
|
Term
| Breast Cancer - Hormonal Therapy |
|
Definition
Hormonal therapy:
– aka: endocrine therapy
– Objective is to block or counter the effect of
estrogen
– Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs):
– Tamoxifen
– Raloxifene
– Side effects:
– Hot flashes
– Bone pain
– Fatigue
– Nausea
– Cough
– Dyspnea
– Headache |
|
|
Term
| Post-op (Mastectomy) prevention of Hematomas |
|
Definition
Jackson-Pratt (JP) drain
Hemovac |
|
|
Term
| Menopause - "Change of Life" characterized by: |
|
Definition
• Cessation of the menstrual cycle
• Perimenopause
• Ovarian function diminishes
• Levels of estrogen and progesterone reduced
• Ovulation gradually ceases
• Menstruation becomes irregular until it stops
• Natural reproductive capacity ends |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| or climacteric period refers to time during which ovarian activity gradually ceases |
|
|
Term
| When does menopause happen |
|
Definition
Menopause normally occurs as a natural physiologic process between 45 and 55 years of
age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Postmenopausal period begins one year after
menstruation ceases |
|
|
Term
Hormonal changes accompanying menopause
cause a variety of reproductive and
systemic effects |
|
Definition
Hot flashes and sweats–especially night sweats
• Sleep disturbances
• Irritability
• Depression
• Vaginal dryness
• Diminished libido
• Dyspareunia |
|
|
Term
| Cascade effect of menopause hormonally |
|
Definition
• Drop in hormones hypothalamus attempts to raise the levels releases GnRH stimulating anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH
• The surge of hypothalamic-‐pituitary stimulation is thought to be responsible for alterations in
• Temperature regulation
• Sleep disturbances
• Mood lability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Estrogen deficiency causes:
• Thinning of vaginal walls
• Breast and uterine atrophy
• Loss of bone density
• Increased risk of heart disease. Stroke, and depression
• Depression may be situational–perception OR hormonal imbalance |
|
|
Term
| Menopause - Medical Management |
|
Definition
Decision is individualized–if indicated:
• Estrogen and progestin combination
• Lowest appropriate dose for shortest amount of time
• Can prevent osteoporosis
• Topicals to treat vaginal itching and dryness
• Androgens to restore sexual interest
• Biphosphonates to reduce potential for osteoporosis
• Diet rich in phytoestrogens
• Soy products–especially
hot flashes
• May relieve:
• Hot flashes
• Night sweats
• Vaginal dryness |
|
|
Term
| Menopause - Risks of Hormone Replacement Therapy |
|
Definition
• May increase the risk of
• Breast cancer
• Heart disease
• Blood clots
• Stroke
• Risks may outweigh potential benefit of preventing hip fractures and kyphosis |
|
|
Term
| Estrogen therapy may cause: |
|
Definition
N/V
Dark pigmentation of nipples and areola
Stress incontinence
Swelling - edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Total (TAH) - Removal of the entire uterus and cervix
Subtotal - Removal of the uterus only, with a stump of the cervix left intact
Panhysterectomy - Removal of the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes
Radical - Removal of uterus, cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes
- Part of the upper vagina and some pelvic lymph nodes may also be removed at the same time
Pelvic - Removal of all reproductive organs, rectum, colon, bladder, distal ureters, iliac blood vessels, and pelvic lymph nodes and peritoneum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Same as a Radical hysterectomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Removal of fallopian tube(s) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
