Term
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Definition
greenish black and viscous and contains occult blood; formed during fetal life from amniotic fluid and constituents, intestinal secretions, and cells
IN BOWEL AT 16 WEEKS |
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Term
| Chorionic villi structure |
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Definition
| Finger-like projections that develop out of the trophoblast and extend into the blood-filled spaces of the endometrium |
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Term
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Definition
| Obtain oxygen and nutrients from the maternal bloodstream and dispose of carbon dioxide and waste products into the maternal blood |
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Term
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Definition
| During third trimester, IgG is the only immunoglobulin that crosses placenta. Provides passive acquired immunity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fetus produces IgM by the end of the first trimester. These are produced in response to blood group antigens, gram-negative enteric organisms, and some viruses. |
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Term
| Presumptive signs of pregnancy |
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Definition
-Reported by the women
-Amenorrhea, nausea, vomiting breast tenderness, urinary frequency, fatigue
-Quickening (first fetal movement felt by mother)
-Brest enlargement, abdomen Enlargement
-Straie gravidarium |
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Term
1. Hormonal changes impact on:
Respiratory system: |
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Definition
| Caused by estrogen because it causes capillaries to become engorged in the respiratory tract |
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Term
| Nasal congestion caused by |
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Definition
| hyperemia of mucous membranes |
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Term
| Epistaxis (bloody nose)caused by |
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Definition
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Term
Hormonal changes impact on GI:
Peristalsis |
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Definition
| Progesterone reverses peristalsis |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive salivation caused by elevated estrogen and decrease in unconscious swallowing (r/t nausea) |
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Term
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Definition
| Heartburn; caused by increased in progesterone which causes decreased tone and motility of smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| due to increased hCG hormone, normal first trimester complaint |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormonal and metabolic adaptations cause mood swings; need to reassure her about her feelings |
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Term
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Definition
Increase in the normal lumbosacral curve develops
-Compensatory curvature in the cervicodorsal region develops to help her maintain her balance
-Center of gravity shifts forward |
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Term
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Definition
-0 for no pregnancy, below 1200 in normal pregnancy
-Higher than normal may indication multiple gestation or Down’s syndrome
-Abnormally slow increases may indicate ectopic pregnancy or impending miscarriage |
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Term
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Definition
| -8 to 10 days after conception when egg implants onto the uterine wall |
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Term
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Definition
| preserves function of corpus luteum |
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Term
| First trimester warning signs |
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Definition
-Severe vomiting, fever and chills, burning on urination, diarrhea, abdominal cramping and vaginal bleeding must be reported and could be signs of complications.
-Danger signs to report: vaginal bleeding, rupture of membranes (ROM), severe headaches |
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Term
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Definition
Optimal time to perform test is between 16-18 weeks
-The test predicts the likelihood of a certain problem occurring. It does not diagnose the problem
+ test you do amniocentesis
AFP protein produced by the baby’s liver, UE protein produced in the placenta and baby’s liver, hCG hormone produced by placenta, Inhibin-A hormone produced by placenta |
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Term
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Definition
-Lunar month lasts 28 days, or 4 weeks
-Pregnancy spans 9 calendar months but 10 lunar months
-Trimester is one third of a normal pregnancy, or about 13 to 14 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| -An expectant father’s experiencing of his partner’s pregnancy-like symptoms |
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Term
| Personal hygiene in pregnancy |
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Definition
-The perineum should be wiped from front to back
-The main danger from taking baths is falling in the tub
-Bubble baths and bath oils should be avoided because they may irritate the urethra |
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Term
| 8. Travel safety in pregnancy |
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Definition
-Periodic walking helps prevent thrombophlebitis
-Pregnant women should avoid sitting or standing for long periods and crossing the legs at the knees |
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Term
| 9. Known human teratogens |
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Definition
adiation
-Infections include but are not limited to varicella, rubella, syphilis, parvovirus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and toxoplasmosis.
-Maternal conditions such as diabetes and phenylketonuria (PKU) may also affect organs and other parts of the embryo during the developmental period.
-Medications – drugs such as anti-seizure medications and some antibiotics as well as chemicals including lead, mercury, tobacco, and alcohol also may result in structural and functional abnormalities.
-Alcohol – result in structural and functional abnormalities
-Chemicals – lead, mercury, and tobacco. Smoking or exposure to second hand smoke |
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Term
| 1. Position changes in labor |
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Definition
frequent changes in position relieve fatigue, increase comfort and improve circulation.
if supine, compression of inferior vena cava and aorta causes decreased cardiac out put causing supine hypotension => decreased placental perfusion
Gravity promotes descent of fetus
All fours to relieve back ache |
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Term
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Definition
A) Latent: (up to 3 cm) progress in effacement, little descent. Mild to moderate, irregular contractions
B) Active: (4-7 cm) more active effacement and dilation/descent. Moderate to regular contractions
C) Transition: (8-10 cm) Strong to very strong regular contractions |
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Term
| Second Stage: Full cervical dilation to birth. Usually lasts 20-50 minutes, but can last up to 2 hours. |
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Definition
A) Latent: passive descent of baby through birth canal
Active/Pushing: pushing and urge to bear down, fetal station 1+, Ferguson reflex. Pressure on flex receptors of pelvic floor |
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Term
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Definition
| Birth of fetus to birth of placenta. Placenta usually separates after 3-4 contractions. Can take 10-15 minutes, risk of hemorrhage increases with length |
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Term
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Definition
| 1-2 hours after placental delivery. Return to homeostasis, close monitoring. Hemorrhage risk. Look for signs of excessive blood loss |
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Term
| 3. Factors influencing cervical dilatation |
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Definition
| -Dilation is influenced by strong uterine contractions, force applied by the fetal presenting part, pressure exerted by the amniotic fluid while the membranes are intact, and scaring of cervix. Scarring of the cervix as a result of prior infection or surgery may slow cervical dilation |
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Term
| 4. Disadvantages of an epidural block |
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Definition
-Ability to move freely is limited
-Orthostatic hypotension
-Dizziness
-Sedation
-Leg weakness
-Higher rate of fever especially when labor lasts longer than 12 hours
-Postdural puncture headaches
-Itchiness
-Epidural blood patch with your own platelets |
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Term
| 5. Contraindications of administering opioid antagonists |
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Definition
| Opioid antagonists is contraindicated for opioid-dependent women because it may precipitate abstinence syndrome/withdrawal symptoms |
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Term
| 6. Hypotensive effects in labor |
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Definition
| -Low maternal blood pressure reduces placental blood flow during uterine contractions, resulting in fetal hypoxemia |
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Term
| 7. Dangers of rupture of membrane |
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Definition
The umbilical cord may prolapse when membranes rupture. The fetal heart rate and pattern should be monitored closely for several minutes immediately after ROM to determine fetal well-being, and the findings should be documented. The time of rupture should be recorded; information regarding the color (clear or meconium-stained), estimated amount, and odor of the fluid should also be documented.
-Also be alert for infection after ROM. Assess temperature and vaginal discharge at least every 2 hours. Look for any signs of infection |
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Term
| 1. Normal fetal heart tones |
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Definition
| Early decelerations are considered to be normal and benign findings, interventions are not necessary or required. Normal FHR is 110-160 bpm; moderate variability considered to be normal; Accelerations are normal |
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Term
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Definition
| Decrease in and return to baseline FHR associated with uterine contractions. They are thought to be caused by transient fetal head compression and are considered a normal and benign finding. Intervention is not necessary |
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Term
| -Late deceleration (cause) |
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Definition
| -Due to: Uteroplacental insufficiency caused by: uterine tachysystole, maternal supine hypotension, Epidural/Spinal anesthesia, placenta previa, placental abruption, hypertensive disorders, postmaturity, intrauterine growth restriction, diabetes mellitus, and intraamniontic infection |
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Term
| -Late deceleration (intervention) |
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Definition
| Change maternal position, correct maternal hypotension by elevating legs, increase rate of maintenance IV solution, palpate uterus to assess for tachysystole, discontinue oxytocin if infusing, and administer oxygen at 8-10 L/min by nonrebreather face mask. Notify physician/midwife |
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Term
| -Variable decelerations (cause) |
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Definition
| -Due to: Umbilical cord compression caused by: Maternal position with cord between fetus and maternal pelvis, cord around the fetal neck, arm, leg, or other body part, short cord, knot in cord, prolapsed cord |
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Term
| Variable deceleration (interventions) |
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Definition
| Interventions: Change maternal position, Discontinue oxytocin infusion, administer oxygen at 8-10 L/min by nonrebreather face mask, notify physician/midwife, assist with amnioinfusion if ordered. |
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Term
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Definition
Disruption in the fetal oxygen supply. They usually begin as a reflux response to hypoxia. If prolonged, fetal cardiac tissue itself will become hypoxic, resulting in direct myocardial depression of the FHR.
Call MD |
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Term
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Definition
-Uterine Atony caused by over distended uterus, large fetus, multiple fetuses, hydramnios, distension with clots
-High parity
-Prolonged-labor, oxytocin induced labor |
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Term
| 2. Those at risk for strong afterpains |
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Definition
| More noticeable when uterus over-distended (e.g., large baby, multifetal gestation, polyhydramnios) and during breastfeeding and administration of exogenous oxytocin |
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Term
| 3. Most common cause of sub-involution |
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Definition
Sub-involution is the failure of the uterus to return to a non-pregnant state.
-The most common causes of sub-involution are retained placental fragments and infection |
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Term
| 4. Hormone that remains elevated in the postpartum |
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Definition
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Term
| 5. Loss of increased blood volume associated with pregnancy |
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Definition
Vaginal delivery greater than or equal to 500ml
C-section delivery greater than or equal to 1,000ml |
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Term
| 6. Engorgement and interventions |
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Definition
-Engorgement if mother is NOT breastfeeding: use frozen cabbage leaves; do not
Stimulate the breasts; prevent warm water on breasts
-Engorgement if mother IS breastfeeding: pump; put cabbage leaves on only after feedings |
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Term
| 7. Interventions to help empty bladder postpartum |
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Definition
Assist the woman to the bathroom or onto a bedpan if she is unable to ambulate.
-Having a woman listen to running water, placing her hands in warm water, or pouring water from a squeeze bottle over her perineum may stimulate voiding.
-Running tap water
-Peri-bottle
-Sitz bath |
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Term
| 1. Most important care for the newborn immediately after birth |
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Definition
| respiratory-- suction sides of mouth first then nasal passages, prevent heat loss by covering with blankets |
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Term
| 2. Early discharge of newborn |
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Definition
infant is term (38-42)
normal findings on assessment
V/s within normal limits
at least 2 feedings completed
urinating and stooling
no jaundice |
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Term
| 3. Infant response to cool environmental conditions |
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Definition
In an effort to conserve heat, term newborns assume a position of flexion that helps guard against heat loss because it diminishes the amount of body surface exposed to the environment.
-Constricting their peripheral blood vessels decreases heat loss
-Metabolism of brown fat triggered by cold stress
-In the cold-stressed infant, oxygen consumption and energy are diverted from maintaining normal brain and cardiac function and growth to thermogenesis for survival |
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Term
| 4. Folic acid and its effect on neural tube defects |
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Definition
| Increase in folic acid decreases the effect of neural tube defect |
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Term
| 5. Bathing care for the newborn |
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Definition
Sponge baths are usually used until the infant’s umbilical cord falls off and the umbilicus is healed
-To protect the pH of the newborn’s skin, alkaline soaps and oils, powder and lotions should not be used
-Use warm water
-Minimize heat loss |
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Term
| 6. Use of erythromycin in the newborn |
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Definition
| Erythromycin ointment administered to prevent opthalmia neonatorum; effective against gonorrhea, less effective against Chlamydia |
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Term
| 7. Normal skin variations of the newborn, including erythema toxicum |
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Definition
Erythema toxicum- transient rash, usually around the trunk. No treatment needed
-Vernix caseosa- white, cream cheese-like substance that serves as skin lubricant
-Acrocyanosis-cyanosis of extremities commonly the hands and feet caused by vasomotor instability, capillary stasis, and high hemoglobin level; normal and can appear intermittently over the first 7 – 10 days, especially with exposure to cold
-Hydrocele- accumulation of fluid around the testes |
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Term
| 8. Normal blood glucose for the newborn |
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Definition
40-60mg/dl
-At birth with the maternal source of glucose cut off, many healthy newborns experience transient decrease in glucose levels and become hypoglycemic |
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Term
| 1. Definition of preterm and postterm infants |
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Definition
-Preterm infant20 to 37 weeks of gestation
-Term infant38 to 42 weeks of gestation
-Postdates infant more than 42 weeks gestation |
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Term
| 2. Care of the newborn experiencing symptoms of drug withdrawal |
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Definition
-Place the infant in a side-lying position with the spine and legs flexed. Position the infant’s hands in midline with the arms at the side.
-Carry the infant in a flexed position. When interacting with the infant, introduce one stimulus at a time when the infant is in a quiet, alert state. Watch for distress signals (gaze aversion, yawning, sneezing, hiccups, arching, and mottled color).
-When the infant is distressed, swaddle in a flexed position and rock in a slow, rhythmic fashion. Put the infant in a sitting position with chin tucked down for feeding.
-Decrease environmental stimuli.
-Monitor activity level of infant.
-Administer Phenobarbital, diazepam or other meds per physician order to decrease CNS irritability and control seizure activity |
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Term
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Definition
-occurs after 24 hours of age
-increased levels of unconjugated bilirubin
-feeding stimulates movement of intestinal activity decreasing serum bilirubin |
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Term
| 4. Fractured clavicle signs |
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Definition
| -Unequal movement of upper extremities or a crepitant feeling over the clavicular area can indicate fracture. Irritability and inconsolability |
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Term
| 1. Normal infant feeding patterns during the first 24 to 48 hours after birth |
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Definition
| -Feed every 2 to 3 hours or Frequency: 8-12 times in 24 hour period; 20-45 minutes per session |
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Term
| 2. Signs of correct latch |
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Definition
-mother reports a firm tugging sensation on nipple but no pain or pinching
-baby sucks with cheeks rounded
-baby jaw glides smoothly
-audible swallowing |
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Term
| 1. Prostaglandin Gel use: |
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Definition
| PGE1 ripens the cervix, making it softer and causing it to begin to dilate and efface it. It stimulates uterine contractions. Used for pre-induction cervical ripening before oxytocin induction of labor |
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Term
| 1. Know precautions for those diagnosed with preeclampsia |
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Definition
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Term
| 3. Cullen sign associated with ruptured ectopic pregnancy |
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Definition
| An ecchymotic blueness around the umbilicus (Cullen sign), indicating hematoperitoneum, may develop in an undiagnosed, ruptured intra-abdominal ectopic pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
-Primarily a result of pregnancy
-Contributing factors: strenuous exercise, anatomic abnormalities, type 1 diabetes, hysterectomy |
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Term
| 3. Signs and symptoms of dysmenorrhea |
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Definition
Abnormally increased uterine activity
-Sharp and cramping or sometimes dull ache
-May radiate to lower back and upper thighs
-More common in younger women ages 17 to 24, smokers, and obese women |
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Term
| 4. Non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions for primary dysmenorrhea and PMS |
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Definition
-Heat minimizes cramping by increasing vasodilation, muscle relaxation and minimizing uterine ischemia
-Dietary changes such as eating less red meat, increasing the intake of natural diuretics such as asparagus, cranberry juice, peaches, parsley, and watermelon
-Exercise increases vasodilation and decreases ischemia |
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Term
| 5. Drugs used to treat severe endometriosis and their side effects |
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Definition
-Nafarelin (Synarel) is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist, suppressing ovarian activity
-Hypo-estrogenism effect results in hot flashes and vaginal dryness
-androgens
-progestins =breast tenderness, bloating weight gain |
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Term
| 6. Normal menstrual cycle characteristics |
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Definition
-Lasts 5 to 6 days
-Variations in length ~ 28 days
-Small amount of spotting midway between periods |
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Term
| 7. Characteristics of endometriosis |
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Definition
More prevalent in Asian women
Major symptoms:
-Dysmenorrhea
-Deep pelvic dyspareunia (painful intercourse)
-Infertility
-Symptoms vary |
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Term
| 8. Most commonly reported gynecologic problem |
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Definition
| -Dysmenorrhea- pain during or shortly before menstruation |
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Term
| 9. Uterine fibroids and common findings of |
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Definition
Benign tumors of the smooth muscle
-Etiology is unknown
Symptoms:
-Menorrhagia
-Enlarged uterus |
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Term
| 10. Most frequent reported discomfort of menopause |
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Definition
Vasomotor instability
-Hot flush
-Result of fluctuating estrogen
-Most common reported discomfort |
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Term
| 11. Alternative therapies and nutritional therapies for menopausal symptoms |
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Definition
Hormone Therapy:
Increases risk of breast cancer
Alternative therapies:
-Homeopathy (sepia, pulsatilla)
-Acupuncture
-herbs
Nutrition:
-Soy and Vitamin E
-Ice water may help alleviate hot flashes
-Large quantities of caffeine, drinking wine, eating spicy food or drinking warm beverages exacerbate hot flashes |
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Term
| 12. Medications to treat and prevent osteoporosis |
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Definition
-Tums most soluble form of calcium
-Take with vitamin D to help body absorb calcium
-Avoid excessive protein
-Take in divided doses to increase absorption
-Contraindicated in history of kidney stones
Evista
Fosamax
Actonel
Calcitonin |
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Term
| 13. Risk factors for osteoporosis |
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Definition
-Smoking associated with bone loss and decreased estrogen
-More likely in Caucasian or Asian
-Inadequate calcium intake
-Obese women have higher estrogen as a result of conversion of androgen in the adipose and mechanical stress from extra weight helps preserve bone mass |
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Term
| 14. Risks of estrogen replacement therapy |
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Definition
-High risk for breast cancer
-May increase ovarian cancer risk as well |
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Term
| 15. Life style changes for PMDD (Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder) |
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Definition
Diet & exercise
-Limit red meat
-Refine sugar caffeinated beverages, and alcohol
-Natural diuretic
-Yoga and massage
-Smoking cessation
-Herbal therapies |
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Term
| 16. Obesity’s effect on dysfunctional uterine bleeding |
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Definition
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding- subset of abnormal uterine bleeding defined as excessive uterine bleeding with no demonstrable organic cause, genital or extragenital; frequently caused by anovulation
-Obese women more at risk because they have a higher level of estrogen r/t adipose tissue. This gives rise to chronic anovulation associated with continuous estrogen production |
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Term
| 1. Normal glucose and insulin changes during pregnancy |
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Definition
65-95 pre-prandial (before dinner)
130-140 1 hr postprandial (after dinner)
-Insulin needs decrease first half of pregnancy and increase during second half. |
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Term
| 2. Importance of preconception counseling |
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Definition
Recommended for all diabetic women of childbearing age
Fetal and neonatal risks and complications
IUFD/Fetal death
Congenital malformations
Birth injuries due to macrosomia |
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Term
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Definition
Dietary goals are to provide weight gain consistent with normal pregnancy to prevent DKA, and minimize wide fluctuations of blood glucose levels
-Diet is individualized to allow for increased fetal and metabolic requirements
-Meals should be eaten on time and never skipped |
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Term
| 4. Hyperesmesis gravidarum initial treatment |
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Definition
-When hyperemesis is excessive it can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, ketosis, weight loss, and nutritional deficiency
Treatment:
-Restore fluid and electrolyte
-Prevent recurrence of N/V
-Gradually progress diet |
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Term
|
Definition
-Measures percentage of Hgb saturated with glucose.
-Reflects glucose control.
-Higher percentage means more Hgb saturated with glucose and less available for O2 transport to fetus.
-Hemoglobin A1C levels supposed to be 6 or 7 |
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Term
| 6. Phenylketonuria and breastfeeding |
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Definition
Phenylketonuria:
-Deficient in enzyme phenylalanine hydrolase. Metabolism error caused by autosomal recessive trait
-Lack of the enzyme impairs mom’s ability to metabolize amino acid phenylalanine (in all protein foods)
-Children born with PKU are more likely to have mental retardation, microcephaly, LBW, and fetal death and miscarriage
-These infants should NOT be breastfeed; milk will have high concentration of phenylalanine and will pass to infant. |
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Term
| 7. Thyroid storm symptoms |
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Definition
Clinical manifestations: heat intolerance, diaphoresis, fatigue, anxiety, emotional liability, and tachycardia.
-Labs: low TSH, and high T3 and T4
-Can breastfeed, and most neonates born, will have normal thyroid function |
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Term
| 8. GDM and risk for developing type 2 diabetes in postpartum period |
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Definition
-Increased risk for developing T2 diabetes later in life.
-Carbohydrate intolerance should be evaluated 6-12 months after pregnancy, if bottle-feeding, or after breastfeeding has stopped. Repeated regularly as part of well-women care
-Also random or fasting blood glucose level checked every year.
-Should be encouraged to lose weight if overweight, and exercise to reduce this risk. |
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Term
| 9. Nausea and vomiting and pregnancy outcomes |
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Definition
-N/V is normal during the first trimester of the pregnancy.
-Usually N/V is benign and subsides on its own
-Due to increase levels of hormones: Estrogen, progesterone, and hCG
-May become problematic if continuous after 20 weeks gestation |
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Term
| 3. Most common perinatal complication associated with bacterial STIs |
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Definition
Maternal:
-Miscarriage, preterm labor and birth, Premature rupture of membranes (PROM), Amniotic infection syndrome, Chrioamnionitis, Postpartum endometritis, postpartum sepsis, UTI’s, and meningitis (rare)
Fetal:
Preterm birth, Low birth weight, IUGR, Neonatal sepsis |
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Term
| 4. Most common bacterial STI |
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Definition
-Chlamydia is the most common bacterial STI. It is managed with azithromycin, erythromycin, amoxicillin, and doxycycline
-Followed by Gonorrhea treated with cefixime or ceftriaxone |
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Term
|
Definition
-Untreated warts may resolve on their own in young women
-Treatment is difficult if not resolved on its own.
-No therapy has been shown to eradicate HPV
-Goal of treatment is to remove warts and relief of s/s
-None of the treatments is superior to all other and no one treatment is ideal for all wards
-Some treatments include imiquimod, podophyllin, and podofilox; should not be used during pregnancy
-During pregnancy many experts recommend removal of wards by cryotherapy or various surgical techniques |
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Term
|
Definition
Thick, white, lumpy, cottage cheese-like discharge
-Vaginal pruritus, mild to intense itching. Some women report a feeling of dryness. Others may experience painful urination. The vulva is red and swollen as are the labial folds, vagina, and cervix. There is not a characteristic odor with infections but sometimes a yeasty or musty smell can be detected
Treatment:
-OTC treatment, Fluconazole, metronidazole, clotrimazole |
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Term
|
Definition
Primary: lesion and the chancre that appears 5 to 90 days after infection begin as painless papule at the site of inoculation and then erodes to form a non-tender, shallow, clean ulcer several millimeters to centimeters
Secondary: Occurs 6 weeks to 6 months widespread, symmetric maculopapular rash on the palms and soles and generalized lymphadenopathy. May have fever, headache and malaise, condylomata lata may develop on the vulva and the perineum or the anus
Tertiary: neurological, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, or multi organ system complication
Treatment:
-Penicillin G (treats primary, secondary, and early latent phase of tertiary)
-Sexual abstinence during treatment, IM Benzathine
-Doxycycline and Tetracycline are contraindicated in pregnancy |
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Term
|
Definition
Signs/Symptoms: profuse, thin, grayish-white vaginal discharge with a “fishy” odor and complaints of mild irritation or pruritus (itchy).
-Associated with preterm labor and birth.
Treatment:
Metronidazole (Oral) |
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Term
|
Definition
Signs/Symptoms:
-Multiple painful lesions, fever, chills, malaise, and severe dysuria
Treatment:
-Chronic and recurrent disease therefore there is NO known cure
-Management is directed towards specific tx during primary and recurrent infections, prevention, self help measures, and psychological support; systemic antiviral meds partially control s/s of outbreak
(Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir); clean saline x2 a day to prevent secondary infection; Aspirin or Ibuprofen may be used for pain |
|
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Term
| -Pelvic inflammatory disease |
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Definition
Infection in fallopian tubes, uterus and ovaries
Signs/Symptoms:
-Depend on type of PID
Treatment:
-Primary prevention includes education or support group in preventing the acquisition of STIs.
-Use risk reduced measures
- Broad spectrum antibiotic used
- Mild to Moderate PID use oral or combined oral/parenteral antibiotic
-Acute PID-bed rest, analgesics for pain |
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Term
|
Definition
-Commonly have yellow-greenish, frothy, mucopurulent, copious, malodorous discharge. -Dysuria and dyspareunia are often present
-Discharge typically worsens during and after menstruation.
-Often the cervix and the vaginal walls will demonstrate the characteristic “strawberry spots: or tiny petechiae and the cervix may bleed on contact
Treatment:
-Metronidazole, Tinidazole; Education |
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Term
|
Definition
-Often asymptomatic
-When symptoms are present they are often less specific
-Women may have a purulent endo-cervical discharge, but discharge is usually minimal or absent
- Menstrual irregularities, pt. may complain of pain- chronic or acute severe pelvic or lower abdominal pain. Infrequently dysuria, vague abdominal pain, or low back pain will cause woman to seek care
Treatment:
Antibiotic therapy; check for Chlamydia; Ceftriaxone (IM 125 mg) |
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Term
|
Definition
Signs/Symptoms:
-Often asymptomatic
-Presents as genital warts
-During pregnancy: Affects urination, defecation, mobility, and fetal descent.
Treatment:
-Preventative (Safe sex practice, limit amount of sexual partners, educate)
-HPV vaccine |
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Term
| 7. HIV lab testing for HIV antibodies and seroconversion |
|
Definition
-Seroconversion to positive – occurs in 6-12 weeks
Testing:
- Antibody testing is first done with a sensitive screening test such as the enzyme immunoassay (EIA).
-Reactive screening tests must be confirmed by an additional test such as the Western blot or an immuunoflorescence assay |
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Term
| 8. Characteristics of herpes simplex virus 2 |
|
Definition
Signs/Symptoms:
-Multiple painful lesions, fever, chills, malaise, and severe dysuria
-Only manifests in the genitals
Treatment:
-No cure for virus
-Treatment is towards signs/symptoms, controlling outbreaks |
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Term
| 9. HPV and cervical cancer |
|
Definition
-During pregnancy, significant proportion of preexisting HPV lesions enlarge greatly, resulting from relative state of immunosuppresion present during pregnancy.
-Lesions can become so large it affects urination, defecation, mobility, and fetal descent |
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Term
| 11. Classification of bacterial and viral STIs |
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Definition
Bacterial STIs:
-Chlamydia
-Gonorrhea
- Syphilis and Group B streptococci
Viral STIs:
-Human papillomavirus (HPV)
-Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2
-Viral Hepatitis types A and B
-Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
-Cytomegalovirus |
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Term
| 13. HIV treatment in labor and postpartum to reduce perinatal transmission |
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Definition
| Perinatal transmission of HIV has decreased because of the administration of antiretroviral prophylaxis (e.g. zidovudine) to pregnant women in the prenatal and perinatal periods... Intrapartum zidovudine used; treatment of HIV-infected women with the triple-drug antiviral therapy or highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) during pregnancy has been reported to decrease the mother-to-child transmission to 1-2%. C-section is recommended, and should avoid breastfeeding. |
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Term
| 1. Advantages of injectable progestins |
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Definition
-Just as effective as someone using COCs (Oral contraceptives) perfectly
-Only 4x a year
-Long lasting effects |
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Term
| 2. Emergency contraceptives |
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Definition
Dosing – Plan B available in 1-2 dose regimens. Also can use high dose of oral estrogen or COC and insertion of copper IUD (intrauterine device) should be done within 5 days of unprotected sex..
Timing – Lecture said within 72 hrs, Book says that emergency contraception should be taken by a woman as soon as possible but within 120 hours of unprotected intercourse... If take before ovulation, emergency contraception will prevent ovulation by inhibiting follicular development
Effectiveness – 75-85% effective
Side Effects: Nausea; can take OTC antiemetic 1 hour before each dose. It is safe |
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Term
| 3. IUD and risk for pelvic inflammatory diseases |
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Definition
-Increased risk shortly after placement
-Unintentional exposure of the device
-Infection
-Possible uterine perforation |
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Term
| 4. Oral contraceptive instructions |
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Definition
| -Take daily without skipping dosages at the same time everyday |
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Term
| 5. Diaphragm use and instruction for proper use and risk for toxic shock syndrome |
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Definition
low risk for toxic shock syndrome
Diaphragm must always be used with spermicidal lubricant to be effective. Pregnancy cannot be prevented with diaphragm alone
-Always empty the bladder before inserting the diaphragm.
-Place 2 teaspoons of contraceptive jelly or contraceptive cream on the side of diaphragm that will rest against the cervix. Spread it around to coat the surface and the rim. This aids in insertion and offers a more complete seal
-Positions for insertion of diaphragm: squatting, leg up method, chair method, or reclining method
- Use the diaphragm every time intercourse takes place. Your diaphragm must be left in place for at least 6 hrs after the last intercourse. If you remove it before the 6 hr period you will greatly increase your chance of becoming pregnant. If you have repeated intercourse, you must add more spermicide for each act of intercourse |
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Term
| 6. Best contraceptive method for protecting against STIs |
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Definition
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Term
| 7. Over-the-counter and herbal supplements’ impact on the effectiveness of combination oral contraceptives |
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Definition
-Anticonvulsants
-Systemic antifungals
-Antituberculosis drugs
-Anti-HIV protease inhibitors
-Herbal supplements
ALL can alter effectiveness |
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Term
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Definition
-“Tie tubes”
-Uterine tubes are severed and ligated
-May be done immediately after childbirth |
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Term
| 9. Post vasectomy education |
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Definition
-Emphasize permanency. If in doubt, don’t do it. Include discussion of likely reasons for future reversal include loss of child, divorce/death of spouse, remarriage, desire for children/more children, and unhappiness with current method
-Abstain for 2-3 days post-op, and use another contraceptive method for 3 months. Must return for semen analysis; sterility is not immediate. Some sperm will remain in the proximal portions of the sperm ducts after vasectomy. One week to several months are required to clear the ducts of sperm; therefore, some form of contraception is needed until the sperm count in the ejaculate on two consecutive tests is down to zero |
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Term
| 10. Spermicides and risk for acquiring HIV |
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Definition
-Foam, gel, cream, film, suppositories. Reduce sperm mobility; prevent sperm from reaching cervical os
-Use of Nonoxynol-9 many times a day, by people at risk for HIV, or for anal sex, may irritate tissue and increase the risk for HIV and other STIs |
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Term
| 11. Return to fertility after discontinuing Depo-Provera |
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Definition
| -Depo-Provera – can take 6-12 months or up to 18 months to regain fertility |
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