Term
| Women’s health status, sexually transmitted infections, and substance abuse are all topics in health psychology, an interdisciplinary area in psychology that focuses on… |
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Definition
causes and treatment of illness
illness prevention
health improvement
all of the above |
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| Three major reasons that health issues are related to the psychology of women and gender |
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Definition
Gender makes a difference in the kinds of illness that people experience
Gender makes a difference in the way a disease is diagnosed and treated
Illness is an important part of many women’s experience |
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| The medical profession has consistently been biased against women. |
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Definition
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| Today women are equal as chairpersons of academic departments in medical schools and in management positions in health-care organizations. |
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| 46% of current medical school graduates are women. |
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Definition
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| Biases against women in the health-care system |
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Definition
Women have often been neglected in medicine and in medical research
Gender stereotypes are common in medicine
Medical care provided to women is often irresponsible or inadequate
Physician-patient communication patterns often makes women feel relatively powerless |
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Term
| Women in the U.S. and Canada have an advantage with respect to morbidity. |
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Definition
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Term
| Morbidity is defined as generalized poor health or illness. |
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Term
| Men are more likely to suffer from obesity, anemia, and respiratory illness. |
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Definition
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Term
| Women are more likely to experience lifelong illnesses, headaches, and general fatigue. |
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Definition
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Term
| An estimated 10 million U.S. women are physically abused at some point during their lifetime by a boyfriend, spouse or domestic partner. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gender Compairsons in Life Expectancy |
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Definition
Researchers find a gender gap in mortality (or death rate) in all ethnic groups in the U.S.
The gender gap also occurs in virtually every country in the world.
Women live longer due to biological, social and environmental factors. They also visit their health-care providers more often than men. |
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Term
| Social class can be measured in terms of a person’s…. |
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Definition
occupation
income
Education |
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Term
| Social class is correlated with both… |
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Definition
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Term
| Data gathered in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East demonstrate that parents are significantly more likely to seek medical care for a … |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ in India are more than twice as likely as _____ to receive medical treatment. |
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Definition
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Term
| Females constitute ___ of the world’s population who typically have too little to eat. |
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Definition
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| During childbirth, an African woman living in either Niger or Sierra Leone is about ___ times more likely to die than a woman living in the U.S- and about ___ times more likely to die than a woman living in Canada. |
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Definition
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| The most common cause of death for women is ___________. |
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Definition
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| The other three problems- breast cancer, cancer of the reproductive system, and osteoporosis- occur either __________ or ___________ in women. |
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Definition
| exclusively or more frequently |
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Term
| Female genital mutilation/ Female genital cutting |
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Definition
Involves cutting or removing the female genitals
Extremely painful and creates health problems
Can cause severe blood loss and infections, damage to other organs, and difficulty in childbirth
Also called female circumcision
In about 30 countries approx. 100 million girls and women have experienced genital mutilation, most living in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. |
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Definition
Approximately 180,000 women in the U.S. are diagnosed with breast cancer each year, and about 40,000 U.S. women will die from the disease.
If you are a woman in the U.S. or Canada- and you live to the age of 80- you have a 12% chance of developing breast cancer at some point.
Self-examinations and mammograms are important for detecting cancer.
Lumpectomy is the removal of the cancerous lump. |
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Term
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Definition
Includes disorders of the heart and blood vessels.
Is more deadly than all forms of cancer combined.
Each year cardiovascular disease kills about 500,000 women in the U.S. and about 27,000 women in Canada.
Health professionals may fail to recognize heart attacks in women
Women are less likely to receive diagnostic testing or treatment for heart disease.
Researchers are more likely to study cardiac problems in men than in women. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cervical cancer affects the lower portion of the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| A pap smear tests is a sample of cells from the cervix to see whether they are normal, precancerous, or cancerous |
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Term
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Definition
| A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of a woman’s uterus. |
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Term
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Definition
Osteoporosis causes bones to become less dense and fragile.
Women are more likely than men to develop this disorder.
Women can reduce the risk of osteoporosis by doing regular weight-bearing exercises. |
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Term
| Disability refers to a physical or mental ________ that limits a person’s ability to perform a major life activity in the manner considered normal. |
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Definition
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Term
| By some estimates, ___ of women in the U.S. have disabilities |
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Definition
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Term
| Women of color who have disabilities experience a triple threat, in which they constantly face sexism, racism, and ______, which is discrimination on the basis of disability. |
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Definition
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Term
| Currently ___ of U.S. women with a disability are employed; the comparable figure for men is ___. |
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Definition
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| Women with disabilities have average incomes that are only ___ of the average income of men with disabilities. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ of women with disabilities live alone, in contrast to ___ of women without disabilities. |
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Definition
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Term
| Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a viral disease spread by infected _____, _____, or __________. |
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Definition
| blood, semen or vaginal secretions |
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Term
| AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which has the potential to destroy part of the ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| In particular, HIV invades _____ blood cells and reproduces itself. HIV then destroys those _______ blood cells- the very cells that coordinate the immune system’s ability to fight infectious ________, |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
By current estimates a women is between two and eight times more likely to contract HIV, compared to a man in the same situation.
Concentration of HIV is much greater in semen than in vaginal fluid.
Women’s rates are increasing for HIV/AIDS.
Ethnicity is also related to the likelihood of an AIDS diagnosis; Black females account for 69% of the females who are HIV positive. |
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Term
| Medical aspects of HIV and AIDS |
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Definition
Many HIV-positive individuals have no symptoms for a long time
Symptoms include swollen lymph glands, fatigue, rashes, fevers, weight loss, and diarrhea.
Women who are HIV-positive are likely to develop vaginal infections and cervical cancer.
People who are HIV-positive are highly contagious during the initial stages of the infection.
A diagnosis of AIDS is made when a person’s immune level drops below a specific level.
Drug therapies have been developed that prolong life for HIV-positive people. |
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Term
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Definition
Research with HIV-positive individuals revealed that as many as 40% of them had not disclosed their HIV status to their sexual partners.
Many people are HIV-positive and don’t know.
The abstinence only approach does not reduce HIV transmission just as id does not reduce teen pregnancy.
Regular condom use does not guarantee protection against AIDS but it is far better than no protection at all. |
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Term
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Definition
Women are more likely than men to be infected from a single sexual encounter.
Young women are three to seven times more likely than young men to have chlamydia, gonorrhea, or syphilis.
Five diseases have particularly important consequences for women’s lives. They are HPV, chlamydia, genital herpes, gonorrhea, and syphilis. |
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Term
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Definition
_____ is the most common of the sexually transmitted diseases in the U.S.
One study focused on women in college who reported never having sex. Of those who then had intercourse, 30% acquired _____ within a year.
Recent research found that a large sample of college women did not contract ______ if their partners consistently used condoms. |
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Definition
Only 15% of people survive more than five years after being diagnosed with lung cancer.
Each year about 44,000 U.S. women die of lung cancer.
Smoking increases the chance of lung cancer more for women than it does for men.
Smoking also increases the risk of cervical cancer, infertility, miscarriages, premature birth, and early menopause. |
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Term
| In the U.S., ____ of women and ____ of men smoke cigarettes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Ethnicity has a major effect on smoking rates with the highest numbers in ___________ and the lowest numbers in ___________. |
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Definition
Native Americans
Asian Americans |
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Term
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Definition
Alcohol abuse refers to a pattern of alcohol use that repeatedly leads to significant impairment.
Problems include liver disease, ulcers, brain damage, high blood pressures, heart attacks, strokes, and various cancers.
Fetal alcohol syndrome is a result of alcoholic mothers giving birth to children, often with facial abnormalities, retarded physical growth, psychological abnormalities, and mental retardation. |
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Term
| According to U.S. estimates for 18-45 year olds about ___ of women and ___ of men are alcohol abusers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Binge drinking is defined as five or more drinks in a row for males and four or more drinks in a row for females.
When a male and a female with the same body weight consume the same amount of alcohol, the woman will have a significantly higher blood alcohol level.
Families and physicians are less likely to identify problem drinking in females than in males. |
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Term
| _____ are more likely to abuse prescription medicines; _____ are more likely to abuse illicit drugs. |
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Definition
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Term
| White female students are _____ likely than Black female students to have tried illegal drugs at some point. |
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Definition
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