Term
| Describe the three agencies of criminal justice. |
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Definition
| 1- Police and Sentencing (complaint investigated, probable cause defines grounds for arrest) 2- Court Appearance/Arraignment (Plead guilty or not guilty) 3- Sentencing/Corrections |
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Term
| What is the difference between a crime and a violation? |
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Definition
| Crime - An act that violates the law *subject to punishment in criminal court, must cause harm* Violation- A non-criminal act eg. Jaywalking, traffic offense. Punishment is a fine. |
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Term
| What are the two elements of crime? |
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Definition
| Mens Rea- Criminal intent/guilty or criminal mind Actus Reus- Criminal conduct (Accessory charged with actus reus if there is a meeting of the minds) |
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Term
| What is the difference between a jail, prison, and fed penitentiary? |
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Definition
| Jail - less than 1 year sentence in state jail Prison - more than 1 year sentence in state prison Fed pen - federal offenses to be served in any state Fed pen |
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Term
| Define: misdemeanor, felony. Also, what is the line of sanguity? |
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Definition
| Misdemeanor - minor offense with no force (weapon). Puts you in jail. Felony - serious offense, usually causing bodily harm. Puts you in prison. Felonies not causing harm include insider trading, embezzlement, and money laundering. Line of Sanguity - duty to act due to blood relation or contact of marriage. |
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Term
| Why do men commit most crimes? What is patriarchy? |
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Definition
| Opportunity and conditioned by society as strong and tough; provider by any means necessary. Patriarchy: social structure by which men enjoy greater privileges than women |
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Term
| What is essentialism? From where does it come and to where does it lead? |
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Definition
| Patriarchy -> Essentialism -> Oppression Essentialism - All members of the same group should be lumped into the same category. From patriarchy there comes essentialism, and that leads to oppression. |
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Term
| What are the four types of oppression? |
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Definition
| 1- Psychological: Belief she is worthless due to society (self-fulfilling prophecy) 2- Sociological: Division of race, culture, and ethnicity. 3- Economic: Limits placed upon available resources in society. 4- Political: Domination of a less powerful group by a more powerful group. |
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Term
| What are the three waves of modern feminism? |
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Definition
| First: 1848 Seneca Falls Convention discussing the right to vote. 1919 it was granted, 1920 was the first female vote. Second: Sparked by The Equal Pay Act of 1963: Title VII of the Civil Rights Act- created wages, promotions, hiring. 1960s also stimulated by Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique- advocated housewives develop their own identity. Third: Objection to white women defining "women's issues" from their own standpoint. Call for poor women, women of color, and lesbians, other low SES women to have their own sub-divisions of feminism due to different struggles. |
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Term
| What are Liberal, Radical, Marxist, Socialist, and Post-Modernist feminism? |
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Definition
| Liberal: (egalitarianism) Fought for laws across the board, men are no different than women, look to legislation to see that women's rights are upheld. Radical: Men are the root of all social inequality. Patriarchy maintained through male dominance in finance, labor, sexuality of women. ROE V. WADE- Right to choose to have sex. Marxist: property is divided and structured with regard to men only. Capitalism is to blame because of men landowners. Socialist: Class/gender relations are equal, they reinforce each other. Equal work opportunity, childcare. Post-Modernist: Feminism is not a catch-all phrase or concept. |
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Term
| What are some historical strides with regard to women handled by the legal system? What is the underlying axiomatic truth? |
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Definition
| 1879: Jury Duty first proposed to women. 1957: Jury Duty granted to women. 1919: Right to vote established. 1920: First actual vote. Muncy Act of PA: 1960's women committing jail crime received a general sentence with no fixed term limit stipulated by the court- in 1968 deemed constitutional. Axiomatic Truth: Men make the laws, women carefully controlled. |
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Term
| What are the steps to filing a sexual harassment lawsuit? |
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Definition
| UNWELCOME CONDUCT: communicate it. DOCUMENTATION: present it- times, dates, events, witnesses. COMPLAINT WITH SUPERVISOR: written complaint presented with documentation. SEEK REMEDY: with the state. EEOC: File with them. LAWSUIT: proceeds after EEOC deems it acceptable |
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Term
| What are the main crimes women commit, and why? |
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Definition
1. Minor Crimes: Shoplifting and embezzlement due to opportunity. Embezzlement involves misappropriation of legally entrusted funds. 2. Prostitution: high demand. COYOTE- Cast off Your Old Tired Ethics 3. Drug-Related: female dealers ignorant of the law, less likely to engage in "buy and bust," less likely to squeal on family, crack 4. Robbery: Third most common. Forcible theft/threaten with weapon defines robbery. Women are weaker. Lure men with promise of sex. 5. Murder: Spouse, lover, domestic violence related often. Filicide- murder of children occurring in increasing numbers, mostly >8 year olds, "bad" and "mad" mothers (mad meaning insane)
WHY?
Domestic Violence victims suffer "learned helplessness"
Penis Envy - psychological drive |
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Term
| Key points of Reed v. Reed case |
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Definition
| 1971: Equal Protection Clause was violated based on gender discrimination. Divorced couple administering sons estate, father didn't even care or want it but was made sole proprietor |
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Term
| Key points of Oregon v. Rideout |
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Definition
| 1978: Rape in marriage is possible. He ended up not guilty though. |
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Term
| Key points of Anita Hill v. Clarence Thomas |
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Definition
| Brought awareness to sexual harassment suits, as well as women in the public political eye in general. When they worked together at Equal Employment Opportunity Commission she alleges he harassed her. He got his seat on the Supreme Court anyway, by a thin margin. |
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Term
| What is learned helplessness? |
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Definition
| Victim starts to believe they are truly helpless and controllable. Loss of self-esteem and self-worth, judgement impaired. |
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Term
| Historically, what are the two biological explanations for female crime? |
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Definition
1- Cesare Lombroso in 1903 coined ATAVISM: Women criminals are less intelligent and possess primitive character traits due to not being fully evolved. EG. protruding jawbones, large necks, canine teeth, large forehead, crow's feet.
2- Cowie, Cowie, and Slater in 1968: Due to being overweight and overdeveloped, crimes are committed. Promiscuity early in life led to delinquency; prostitution. Menstrual cycle constant reminder of non-maleness-> delinquency |
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