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middle east, C. 9,000 BCE
during neolithic revolution/meso
spread of farming - archaeological evidence
V shape area favor hunter/gather society
of 56 plants suited for humans, 32 native to mid east region.
9000 BCE began jarring, saving, cooking these plants.
domestication of animals
agriculture = less mobility.
Stored food = rodents.
led to city development like Sumer (5000BCE) |
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C. 5000-2000 BCE
1st region of civilization
area between 2 cities, agriculture!!
area around rivers-fertile-alluvial
Arabian Desert-pasteurization-raise cattle, sheep, etc.
Persian Gulf-fishing area
led to Erindu- 1st city...
Cuneiform, literature, etc. |
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C. 2,700 BCE - Mesopotamia - Sumeria
recorded on stones, primary source
story of travel to forest to collect natural resources (wood), defeated a monster, made forest scary, Goddess falls for him, he denies & she sends a drought to his city.
1st literature, combines myth with society. |
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after cuneiform, meso ppls
1,750 BCE, most complex, reliable codes of 700+ laws from the Gods.
"eye for an eye"
through laws=class recognition
king judges, inequality of law
leads to rise of complex society.
King of Babylon proclaimed his laws on society |
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Mediterranean. 3,200-1200 BCE
named after bronze tools. Better agriculture, population growth spread across to Europe. Leads to military development. Tools of bronze, before Iron developed but more intense than carved of Rock like the stone age. Falls due to droughts, wars, diseases. |
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3100-1100 BCE
area doesnt have crops, has Nile river, states line river unite to form KINGDOM.
Flooding & Droughts harm Egypt Agriculture.
Egyptians must organize life:store food to survive. Bureaucratic, Priests basis of religion.
Egyptians surpas Meso/Sumer: come up with paper, pyramids, hieroglyphs |
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1200-1150 BCE
because of periodic droughts, war & disease. |
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| The Paradox of Development |
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theory developed on patterns reflecting bronze age collapse.
each advance=seed of reversal/fail
advances -> vulnerable
ex. big population = lack of food in drought
lager the empire-harder it falls
commercial economics, drought lead to raiding of center of society. |
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Persian advancement, built by persian kings, expanded their civilization,
Led to political/military control,
gave persians up when clashing with greeks, 450 BCE
persians had biggest army 490BCE |
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Greek establishment, means city state. led to politics in ancient greece, led to greek philosphers,
Acryoplis=above city, center for politics. led to Athens-deomcracy "ppl" led by the ppl. oligarchy, monarchy, etc greek terms |
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700 BCE
1 important God vs 1 evil God
became persian state religion but they didnt force it
Zoro philosopher behind this |
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338-30 BCE : Imitate Greek
Persians gave up taking over Greece, Greeks fight among themselves. |
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Persian Empire 500-300 BCE
largest empire so far, with this advancement...
creates huge army can travel the land,
they conquered other ppl land from Bronze Age Collapse |
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greek term for city state, greece 500-300 BCE in the civilization developed through trade/med. sea
lead to politics, wars with persians, greek philosophers like Socrates, Aristotle |
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50 BCE, Roman Empire, after Punic Wars where romans took over lands
long period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force experienced by the Roman Empire. Idea after roman conquered to organize peace.
they patrolled their lands/limes/limits
with Praetor(Roman Leaders) and roman republic-> complex grows, Roman Legal system devoloped
checks and balances dies... violence prevails and leads to fall |
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| River Valley Civilizations |
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Definition
places civilizations developed such as Sumer & Egypt. need for complex irrigation systems, lots of food, crops.
Hydrollic societies. led to Hierarchic in societies because organization was needed.
EX: Nile/Egypt
Tigris/Iraq
Yellow/China
Indus/India |
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1500-400 BCE - India
civilization around Indis Valley, in Grange Valley.
Patriarchal Families Developed & Villages, Communities, 600 BCE
Mahajanapada meaning Kingdom were 16 here, rise of Kings, Literature and India Varna (hierarchy) |
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Indian social hierarchy system, in Vedic civilization (caste system in India)
brahmin-priests
kshatriya- governing rulers
vaishya- land owners
sudra- darker skin
untouchable
first three are 2x born... only literate ones & elite
related to Hinduism... path u cant change |
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320-185 BCE
1st political unified civilization in India. Huge civilization. compex 20mill ppl. political aspects rise. |
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Chinese Lit 3,000-2,000 BCE
1/2 god & 1/2 man
Yellow River Area - associated with technology & social structures & politics & religion
saw as bridge between heaven & earth.
Fusi- founded chinese, survived flood
YU- unified ppl with flood control & water control of yellow river
leads to three dynasties, creates tradition & loyalty. |
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| Chinese way to justify ceasing dynasties succession of dynasties does not require that a legitimate ruler be of noble birth, and dynasties were often founded by people of modest birth (such as the Han dynasty, first used to support the rule of the kings of the Zhou Dynasty, and their overthrow of the earlier Shang dynasty. It was used throughout the history of China to support the rule of the Emperors of China, including 'foreign' dynasties such as the Qing Dynasty.does not require that a legitimate ruler be of noble birth, and dynasties were often founded by people of modest birth (such as the Han dynasty and Ming dynasty). The concept of the Mandate of Heaven was first used to support the rule of the kings of the Zhou Dynasty, and their overthrow of the earlier Shang dynasty. It was used throughout the history of China to support the rule of the Emperors of China, including 'foreign' dynasties such as the Qing Dynasty. first used by the Zhou Dynasty (1100-700BCE) to justify its overthrow of the Shang Dynasty (1600-1100BCE) 1. one ruler of China @ 1time 2. Emperor obtained favor from heaven & can pass to Son 3. Dynasty unjust to heaven=loos authority (natural disaster/poverty) 4.New mandate emerges with turn of events- strongest ppl favored |
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700-100 BCE EW Italy/Black/Caspian Sea
Eurasia, flat, low lands, step civilizations, against greek and persians. defeated persians. settle and raise cattle |
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early african civilizations
Harsh area, Africa has various environments, discourages trade.
Specific area used to be wetter, 1st area of agriculture, Neolithic Pluvial, skeletons of alligators, Migrating early as 7,000 BCE.
Eventually dries up and ppl move to Egypt, River Valley |
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100BCE-700CE North Africa
2nd African Successful civilization
south of Kush. Ethiopian Capital based on highland and agriculture- adopted wheat into Africa
Traded with greeks across Indian Ocean
Centralized Gov in Africa/Kings
Towers meant riches and power
Convert to Christianity 340 CE... meaning was increased interaction with whties... basis of continuing civilizations |
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Encourage N.Africa to agriculture
Need to feed Roman Army
After carthage, punic wars, Romans trade with North Africans, who have fertile land. |
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700BCE-700CE historical theory
time that gave birth to everything
center of development for human beliefs & understanding the world as humans.
interactions/trade help axial age
populations/cities help create social development of political thoughts. interact and spread ideas
Created many different schools of thought in all areas.
China: Confucianism, Legalism
India: middle kingdoms, hindu, buddhism
Islam last axial thought |
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chinese school of thought by Fuzi.
Fuzi lived 500-480 BCE.
He was a shi, educated, offended in military by girls, traveled and taught.
His followers wrote his ideas on bamboo.
KEY THOUGHTS:
1.tradition-i transmit not i create
2. rituals
3. Golden age, follow it, unlike warring states who fell away.. unite!!
4. follow old society's way
5. respect ancestors, devote to family
6. Golden Rule
all wrote down in 300 BCE. Han Dynasty used it as philosophy for Government
124- Han had school to teach this.
Zhou fell apart with out it
Han created unified, officials, aristocratic axial china age |
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emerges in India lower class
500BCE-600AD
_____ was warrior of upper class who rejects and joins renounces to find truth of existence. can obtain Nirvana,free from suffer.
mediation put them higher, he did this then taught to others. Had followers who wrote it all down. Spread with trade between asia & china. fit into lower class lifestyle. Another axial age school of thought |
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in Hellenistic era, Greek thoughts to stop questioning things. late 200 BCE
follows Aristotle who loved to gain knowledge as well but these two accepted more than Socrates who was forced to commit suicide for (?)
Greek school of thought during Axial age, accept there is a higher power.
teach self control over emotions to further philosophers
Zeno - "porch" athens |
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| during Bronze Age Collapse, anarchy period. |
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