(344-146 BCE)

Romans merged conquered peoples into their political system using this.

1. Stoicism- School of Greek philosophy: Accepting life as it is. Caused independence to be minimal
2. Syncretism- Tendency for different religions to merge in history. Romans tried to match up gods to ease the assimilation of the different cultures.
3. Standard of Attica- The region where Athens was located. Imposed one currency across Hellenistic world. Allowed one economy and eased trade.

(321-185 BCE)

Founded by Chaundra Goupta Maurya. United India against the Greeks and gained control of Indes and Ganges. Son and grandson began to conquer southern India. Hard because of mountains and independent nature of residents. Ashoka (grandson) completed conquest in 260s. Kalinga was last in dynasty. Felt regret for destroying thousands of Indians. Converted to Buddhism and made it the foundation of his empire. Edicts of Ashoka(inscribed in stone) teach Buddhism. Tried to promote humane treatment of people. Ashoka was last competent leader. 185 empire collapsed.

(771-221 BCE)

China ruled by tribal nomads and started fighting amongst each other. Officially deposed in 453. 200s ritualistic warfare to show off prowess(tournament style) b/t noblemen. Turned into total war-wipe out enemy and mobilize every resource available to do so.

Also known as "Hundred Schools of Thought". Supported intellectual developments to compete with other states. 100-200k people armies. Needed administrators for army. Shi emerged(philosopher/beauracrat).

(500 BCE)

Confucious was a Shi. Gathered a band of loyal students. No clear philosophy, more a dialogue with common themes. Emphasized respect for rituals and tradition(Li). Respecting where you are. Rules for interacting with family(patriarchy), society(aristocracy), and government(monarchy). Ideal was to be ruled by an Emperor like during Zhou dynasty during its peak. Warring states was result of disrespect. When everyone begins to respect each other it will return to Zhou dynasty harmony.

(350 BCE)

Developed in Qin. Shang Yang made this philosophy. Tightly controlled society. Public laws. Balanced by tactics(what ruler does to protect the state). Unlimited power to do what he wants as long as he protects the state. Real politic. Protect and expand the state. Qin began expanding and using brutal tactics. Thought to have beheaded 100k in a city. 221 BCE reunified China. Claimed mandate of heaven and started Qin dynasty. Burned 100 schools of thought and shi. Built a giant tomb for himself. Son was incompetent. 210 Qin lost mandate.

(146BCE-410CE)

Lead pipes used to make sewage system. One of the most useful tools of the Roman empire as it expanded into different cultural territory. Caused brain damage, muscle damage, and low fertility

(146BCE-410CE)

Publicati bought up large consolidations of land. After war there were a large number of slaves. Publicati began buying slaves making it a basis for the economy. 1/4 of the Roman population was slaves. Led to slave revolts and Citizen being fearful of slaves and envious of publicati.

(146BCE-410CE)

Common wealth. Centuriate was a military assembly, the military units would elect members.  It made the main laws. Senatus (supreme court) was designed to safeguard Roman tradition (legislation). Patricians were 100 families who could trace their lineage back to the origins of Rome. Have to be Patrician to be in Senatus. Plebians(common citizens) could participate, but not to the same extent. 2 Patricians were elected to Consul(President). Only one year in office. Faces sticks tied around an axe(capital punishment). Strength through unity. Curule chair - Consul chair temporary authority.  Empire was huge and hard to run using checks and balances. Couldn't make decisive decisions because of communicative methods.  Generals gained local power in conquered areas (frontiers). Social conflict erupted into civil war 100BCE called Crisis of the Republic

(146BCE-410CE)

Certain rights that couldn't be stripped. Not all citizens are equal. Patricians->Plebians->Citizens w/o suffrage.

1. Provoco - Right of appeal (can't be punished for no reason)
2. Commercio - Right to trade w/ Roman citizens
3. Intermarriage - If you marry a Roman citizen, your offspring would be Roman
4. Right to local government

(146BCE-220CE)

A series of trade roads that connected Rome and China economically during the Han dynasty. A highway with trading centers across central Asia. No one traveled across all the roads usually. Name comes from silk made in China. Silver was traded from Rome. Caused an epidemic to quickly spread from the Steppe nomads who were attacking China. 161CE small pox broke out north-west corner of China. 165CE The eastern border of Rome had an outbreak. 160s-260s killed 1/4 population in mediterranean. 5k/day died during early 200s. Became a pandemic.

(589-618)

Wen claimed mandate of heaven. 1/2 mil men army. Used legalism 604 Wen died. Shang promoted stability and peaceful development aka Confucianism. Started Imperial Examinations(605). A political election system where the people were given standardized tests on confucian classics. Meritocracy. Tried to attack Korea and failed. In 618 overthrown.

(609)

Yellow river was center of China. Yangzi river to the south. Conscripted a large number of peasants to build canal b/t Yellow river and the Yangzi river. North China made millet. South China made rice. 1500mi long and 130ft wide allowed shipment b/t North and South, shipping large quanties of rice during famine.

(620)

Islam had tribes(Force) and traders(Spread) in Arabian desert. Most extensively spread religion in ints time. Conquered remains of Roman empire and Persian empire. Religion centered aroun Muhammed. He died 632.

(632)

After death of Muhammed the religion began to divide and also politically split. Split into sects namely Suuni and Shiite. Islam religion and Arabic language. Positions of power required Arabic language. Teeming with civil war.

(1206-1526)

First sultans in India were Marmaluks. Marmaluk conquered Dehli. By 1300s most of India conquered. Easy to control because of the caste system. Hindu leaders submitted to Islamic warlords. Not unified because of sultans. Islamic population were military elite. Once established Islam leaders it facilitated trade with Africa and Arabia. Muslim traders also began to move into China. Established large trading communities.

(400-800)

Phase 1: 300-500 Visigoths entered Roman territory in 376 and sacked Rome in 410. They settled in Iberia. Ostrogoths followed them and settled in Italy. Franks entered Gaul gradually during 5th century and took over as rulers.

Phase 2: 500-700 Slavic tribes settled in central and eastern Europe, making it mostly Slavic. Lombards settled in northern Italy.