Term
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Definition
| CT that surrounds entire skeletal muscle - extends at the end of muscle to form tendons. |
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Term
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Definition
| CT that surrounds each individual skeletal muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is a motor nuron that are contracted. One motor neuron can control 100 muscle fibers. The lower the number the finer or better the control. All muscle fibers contract together. Increase number of activated more units to increase of force. 1 motor unit = 1musle fiber. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the number of neurons : muscle fibers that very from 1:100 to 1:2000 fine control occurs when motor units are small. Ex: 1 motor neuron innervates small number of fibers. |
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Term
| Since individual motor units fire "all-or-none," how do skeletal muscles perform smooth movements? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Brain estimates number of motor units required and stimulates them to contract . It keeps recruiting more units until desired movement is accomplished in smooth fashion. More and larger motor units are activated to produce greater strength. |
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Term
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Definition
| are 1min diameter and extend length of fiber .Packed with myofilaments. Myofilaments are composed of thick and thin filaments that give rise to bands which underlie striations A band- is dark, contains thick filaments (mostly made of myosin) |
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Term
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Definition
| is dark, contains thick filaments (mostly of myosin) |
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Term
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Definition
| Light area at center of A band , area where actin and myosin don’t overlap . |
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Term
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Definition
| is light, contains thin filaments(mostly actin) |
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Term
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Definition
| is At center of I band where actins attaches |
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Term
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Definition
| Are contractile units of skeletal muscle consisting of components between 2 Z discs. From Z disk to Z disk. |
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Term
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Definition
| are structural proteins that anchor myosin during contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| is elastic protein attaching myosin to Z disc that contributes to elastic recoil of muscle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| actin, troponin, and tropomyosin |
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Term
| Sliding Filament Theory of Contraction |
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Definition
Power storke
Threshols is reached @ the axon hillock of a motor neruron
Action poteinal is generated (VG-NA+ channels OPEN> Inactivate> VG-K+ OPEN > Inactiveted.
Depolarization reches synaptic end bulb
Depolarization opens VG- Ca2+ channels @ the synaptic end bulb
Ca2+ flows in the neuron
Ca2 binds and activates calmodulin > protein kinase actived
Cascade of rxn causes Exocytosis of synaptic vesicles containing ACH (neurotansmitter)
ACH diffuses across synaptic clecft and bind to nicotinc ACH receptors (5 subunits , 2 of which bind ACH ligand ion channel
Ion channel opens and Na+ rushes in to the musle fiber.
Depolarization spreads along the sarcolema and into the musle cell via T tubules
VG-Ca2+ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum OPEN
Ca2+ release channels on SR OPEN (via poisitive feel back)
Ca2+ is releasted and diffuses into the sacroplasm
Ca2 binds to troponin > conformational change
Conformational change of the troponin – tropomymyosin complex (exposes myosin –binding sites on the actin)
Myosin head binds to the actin> Pi is released ( assumes “cocked” position to start) (forms cross-bridge)
POWERSTROKE; ADP is released
A new ATP molecule binds to the myosin head and the cross-bride is broken
As the ATP > ADP + Pi, the myosin is “recoked” –resting state
If [Ca2+] > 10-6 M in the sarcoplasm, contraction continues
- REPEAT-steps starting when myosin binds to actin ^
once AP’s STOP, Ca2+ is returned to the SR.
Muscle relaxtion
Ca+ Binds to tripion
Ca]<10-6 Moleltor will equal relaxtion |
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Term
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Definition
| Are formed by heads of myosin molecules that extend toward and interact with actin . Sliding of filaments is produced by actions of cross bridges . Each myosin head contains an ATP-binding site which functions as an ATPase . Myosin can’t bind to actin unless it is “cocked” by ATP. After binding, myosin undergoes conformational change (power stroke) which exerts force on actin . After power stroke myosin detaches |
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Term
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Definition
Control of cross bridge attachment to actin is via troponin
tropomyosin system . Serves as a switch for muscle contraction and relaxation. The filament tropomyosinlies in grove between double row of G-actins (that make up actin thin filament) Troponin complex is attached to tropomyosin at intervals of every 7 actins. In relaxed muscle, tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin so cross bridges can’t occur.This occurs when Ca++ levels are low (<10-6 M). Contraction can occur only when binding sites are exposed. |
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Term
| Ca++Control of Contraction |
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Definition
| - When Ca++levels rise (>10-6M), Ca++binds to troponin causing conformational change which moves tropomyosin and exposes binding sites .Allowing crossbridges and contraction to occur. Crossbridge cycles stop when Ca++ levels decrease (<106M) Ca++levels decrease because it is continually pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum(SR -a calcium reservoir in muscle) Most Ca++in SR is in terminal cisternae Running along terminal cisternae are T tubules. |
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Term
| Excitation-Contraction Coupling |
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Definition
| Skeletal muscle sarcolemma is excitable .Conducts APs just like axons. Release of ACh at NMJ causes large depolarizing end-plate potentials and APs in muscle. APs race over sarcolemma and down into muscle via T tubules. T tubules are extensions of sarcolemma. Ca++channels in SR are mechanically linked to channels in T tubules. APs in T tubules cause release of Ca++from cisternae via Vgated and Ca++release channels Called electromechanical release channels are 10X larger than V-gated channels. |
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Term
| Metabolism of Skeletal Muscles |
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Definition
- Skeletal muscles respire anaerobically 1st 45-90 sec
of moderate-to-heavy exercise. Cardiopulmonary system requires this time to increase O2 supply to exercising muscles. If exercise is moderate, aerobic respiration contributes majority of muscle requirements after 1st 2 min . During light exercise, most energy is derived from aerobic respiration of fatty acids. During moderate exercise, energy derived equally from fatty acids and glucose. During heavy exercise, glucose supplies 2/3 of energy. Liver increases glycogenolysis GLUT-4 carrier is moved to muscle cell’s plasma membrane Liver increase membrane. |
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Term
| Smooth Muscle Contraction |
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Definition
| Controlled by Ca++but different from striated. Has little SR and no troponin/tropomyosin. Ca enters thru channels in plasma membrane. Binds with calmodulin Ca calmodulin complex activates myosin light chain kinase(MLCK). Which phosphorylates and activates myosin. Myosin forms crossbridges with actin. Which phosphorylat |
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Term
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Definition
| .Motor unit recruitment allows for _______ contraction strenth. |
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Term
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Definition
| What structure runs the length of the sarcomere through the thick filments and contributes to the elastic recoil in muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| What structure runs from Z line to Z line |
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Term
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Definition
| The thick fliments is also called the ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False Z line are found bisecting the A bands. |
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Term
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Definition
| The light band of the skeletal muscle is known as the_______ |
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Term
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Definition
| Each fascicle of a muscle is surrounded by the___________. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each somatic motor neuron with all the muscle fibers it innervatates is a ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| CT that surrounds each fascicle. |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber. |
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Term
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Definition
| cytoplasma of a skeletal muscle fiber. |
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Term
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Definition
Moves bones
voluntary movement
peripherally located in the nuclei
multinucleated
during development , multiple myoblasts fuse to form skeletal muscle fibers
striated (alternation light and dark bands) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
accounts from 60-80% - Creates colloid osmotic pressure that draws H
2O from interstitial fluid into capillaries to maintain blood volume and pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry lipids (Gamma Golbuilins) anti-bodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| serves as a clotting factor, converts to fibrin, and Serum is left when blood clotting. |
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Term
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Definition
| are flattened biconcave discs, Shape provides increased surface area for diffusion ,Lack nuclei and mitochondria. ,Each RBC contains 280 million hemoglobins ,About 300 billion RBCs are produced each day. |
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Term
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Definition
| Have a nucleus, mitochondria, and amoeboid ability, Can squeeze through capillary walls (diapedesis) |
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Term
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Definition
| help detoxify foreign substances and release heparin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Helps fight viral infections parasitic worms. |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for allergic responces release heparin and sertonin, also help fight parasitic infections. |
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Term
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Definition
| most abundant WBC and are the first responders and usually die. |
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Term
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Definition
| are phagocytic and produce antibodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for all mediated immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for antibody mediated immunity |
|
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Term
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Definition
| mature into macrophages , eaters – destroy baterial , and dead / dying cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Are smallest of formed elements, lack nucleus. Constitute most of mass of blood clots,Release serotonin to vasoconstrict and reduce blood flow to clot area, Secrete growth factors to maintain integrity of blood vessel wall Survive5-9days. |
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Term
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Definition
| Are amoeboid fragments from bone marrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| If different blood types are mixed, antibodies will cause mixture to agglutinate reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| antigens are present on RBC surface specify blood type. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type A blood has only A antigens, Type B has only B antigens, Type AB has both A and B antigens, Type O has neither A or B antigens. Type O is the universal donor and AB is the universal recipient. |
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Term
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Definition
Is another type of antigen found on RBCs, Rh+has Rho(D) antigens; Rh-does not, Can cause problems when Rh-mother has Rh+ babies ,At birth, mother may be exposed to Rh+ blood of fetus, In later pregnancies mom may produce Rh antibodies
In Erythroblastosis fetalis, this happens and antibodies cross placenta causing hemolysis of fetal RBCs. |
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Term
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Definition
Is cessation of bleeding, Promoted by reactions initiated by vessel injury:
Vasoconstriction restricts blood flow to area, Platelet plug forms, Plug and surroundings are infiltrated by web of fibrin, forming clot. |
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Term
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Definition
| Platelets don't stick to intact endothelium because of presence of prostacyclin(PGI2- a prostaglandin) and NO. Keep clots from forming and are vasodilators. Damage to endothelium allows platelets to bind to exposed collagen. Von Willebrand factor increases bond by binding to both collagen and platelets. Platelets stick to collagen and release ADP, serotonin, and thromboxane A2 =platelet release reaction. Serotonin and thromboxane A2stimulate. vasoconstriction, reducing blood flow to wound. ADP and thromboxane A 2 cause other platelets to become sticky and attach and undergo platelet release reaction. This continues until platelet plugs formed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Platelet plug becomes infiltrated by meshwork of fibrin ,Clot now contains platelets, fibrin and trapped RBCs. Platelet plug undergoes plug contraction to form more compact plug. |
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Term
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Definition
| Between atria and ventricles is layer of dense connective tissue. Which structurally and functionally separates the two. |
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Term
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Definition
| Myocardial cells of atria attach to top of fibrous skeleton and forms 1unit. Cells from ventricles attach to bottom and form another unit. |
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Term
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Definition
| (AV valves)- Opening and closing of valves results from pressure differences. High pressure of ventricular contraction is prevented from enterting AV valves by contraction of papillary muscles which are connected to AVs by chordae tendineae. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| is volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole. |
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Term
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Definition
| is amount of blood ejected from ventricles during systole. |
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Term
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Definition
| is amount of blood left in ventricles at end of systole. |
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Term
| isovolumetric contraction |
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Definition
| As ventricles contract, pressure rises, closing AV valves. all valves are closed . |
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Term
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Definition
| When pressure in ventricles exceeds that in aorta, semilunarvalves open and ejection begins, As pressure in ventricle falls below that in aorta, back pressure closes semilunars, All valves are closed and ventricles. |
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Term
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Definition
When pressure in ventricles falls below atria, AVs open
and ventricles fill and sends its blood into ventricles. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1st sound) produced by closing of AV valves |
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Term
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Definition
| (2nd sound) produced by closing of semilunars |
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Term
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Definition
In normal heart, SA, node functions as pacemaker Depolarizes spontaneously to threshold (= pacemaker potential) . Membrane voltage begins
at -60mV and gradually depolarizes to -40 threshold Spontaneous depolarization is caused by Na+flowing through channel that opens when hyperpolarized (HCN channel)
At threshold V-gated Ca2+ channels open, creating upstroke and contraction Repolarization is via opening of V-gated K+ channels. |
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Term
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Definition
Myocardial cells have RMP of 90 mV, Depolarized to threshold by APs originating in SA node. Upstroke occurs as V-gated Na+channels open. MP rapidly declines to 15mV and stays there for 200-300 m sec (plateau phase) . Plateau results from
balance between slow Ca2+influx and K+ efflux. Repolarization due to opening of extra K+ channels. |
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Term
| Electrical conducting system of the heart |
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Definition
SA Node (pace maker, right atrium)- fastest area of cells to spontaneously depolarize to threshold.
AV Node (slow transmission causes delay) allows blood to go from arties to ventricles.
Bindle of HIS (travels across fibrous skeleton between arties and ventricles) goes across fibrous skeleton.
Left and right Bundle Branches(divides signal into left and right sites)
Purkinje Fibers (rapidly spreads signal). |
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Term
| Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) |
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Definition
Is a recording of electrical activity of heart conducted
thru ions in body to surface.
P wave- caused by atrial depolarization. T wave- results from ventricular repolarization. QRS complex- is caused by ventricular depolarization. A trail repolarization is missing from EKG “Masked” by the QRS complex. |
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Term
| Structure of Blood Vessels |
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Definition
Innermost layer of all vessels is the endothelium. Capillaries are made of only endothelial cells, Arteries and veins have 3 layers called tunica externa,
media, and interna. Externa is connective tissue. Media is mostly smooth muscle. Interna is made of endothelium, basement membrane, and elastin. Although have same basic elements, arteries and veins are quite different. |
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Term
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Definition
| endothelial cells are tightly joined together. Have narrow intercellular channels that permit exchange of molecules smaller than proteins Present in muscle, lungs, adipose tissue |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| have wide intercellular pores. Very permeable. Present in kidneys, endocrine glands, intestines. |
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Term
| Discontinuous capillaries |
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Definition
| have large gaps in endothelium. Are large and leaky. Present in liver, spleen, bone marrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small arteries and arterioles are muscular.Provide most resistance in circulatory system. Arterioles cause greatest pressure drop. Mostly connect to capillary beds. Some connect directly to veins to form arteriovenous anastomoses. Moves away from the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| Contain majority of blood in circulatory system. Very compliant (expand readily) Contain very low pressure (about 2mm Hg). Insufficient to return blood to heart. Blood is moved toward heart by contraction of surrounding skeletal muscles (skeletal muscle pump). And pressure drops in chest during breathing, 1-way venous valves ensure blood moves only toward heart. |
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Term
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Definition
(hardening of arteries)Accounts for 50% of deaths in US. Localized plaques (atheromas) reduce low in an artery. And act as sites for thrombus(blood clots). Plaques begin at sites of damage to endothelium. E.g. from hypertension, smoking, high
cholesterol, or diabetes. Treatment – Balloon angiulpasty or by pass surgery. |
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Term
|
Definition
Is most commonly due to atherosclerosis in coronary
Arteries. Ischemia occurs when blood supply to tissue is deficient .Causes increased lactic acid from anaerobic metabolism. Often accompanied by angina pectoris(chest pain)
Detectable by changes in S-T segment of ECG. Myocardial infarction(MI) is a heart attack.Usually caused by occlusion of a coronary artery. Causing heart muscle to die. Diagnosed by high levels of creatine phosphokinase(CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase
(LDH) And presence of plasma troponin Tand Ifrom damaged muscle. Dead cells are replaced by noncontractile scar tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
Has 3 basic functions:
Transports interstitial fluid (lymph) back to blood
Transports absorbed fat from small intestine to blood
Helps provide immunological defenses against pathogens |
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Term
|
Definition
Is volume of blood pumped/min by each ventricle
Stroke volume(SV) = blood pumped/beat by each ventricle
CO = SV x HR Total blood volume is about 5.5L |
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Term
|
Definition
Without neuronal influences, SA node will drive heart
at rate of its spontaneous activity . NE and Epi stimulate
opening of pacemaker HCN channels.This depolarizes SA faster, increasing
HR. ACH promotes opening of K+channels. The resultant K+ outflow counters Na+ influx, slowing depolarization and decreasing HR. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Normally Sympathetic and Parasympathetic activity influence HR , Autonomic innervation of SA node is main controller of HR. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nerve fibers modify rate of spontaneous depolarization. |
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Term
| Cardiac control center of medulla |
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Definition
| coordinates activity of autonomic innervation. Sympathetic endings in atria and ventricles can stimulate increased strength of contraction. |
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Term
|
Definition
Is determined by 3 variables:
End diastolic volume (EDV) = volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole
Total peripheral resistance (TPR) = impedance to blood flow in arteries
Contractility= strength of ventricular contraction |
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Term
| Regulation of Stroke Volume |
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Definition
| - EDV is workload (preload) on heart prior to contraction SV is directly proportional to preload and contractility. Strength of contraction varies directly with EDV. Total peripheral resistance = after load which impedes ejection from ventricle. Ejection fraction is SV/ EDV. Normally is 60%; useful clinical diagnostic tool |
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Term
| Frank-Starling Law of the Heart |
|
Definition
States that strength of ventricular contraction varies
directly with EDV. Is an intrinsic property of myocardium. As EDV increases, myocardium is stretched more, causing greater contraction and SV. (a) is state of myocardial sarcomeres just before filling. Actins overlap, actin-myosin interactions are reduced and contraction would be weak. In (b, c and d) there is increasing interaction of actin and myosin allowing more force to be developed. |
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Term
|
Definition
Is return of blood to heart via veins. Controls EDV and thus
SV and CO. Dependent on : Blood volume and venous pressure. Vasoconstriction caused by Symp. Skeletal muscle pumps. Pressure drop during inhalation. Veins hold most of
blood in body (~70%) and are thus called capacitance vessels. Have thin walls and stretch easily to accommodate more blood without increased pressure (=higher compliance). Have only 0- 10 mm Hg pressure. |
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Term
|
Definition
Normally filtration, osmotic reuptake, and lymphatic drainage
maintain proper ECF levels. Edema is excessive accumulation of ECF resulting from:
High blood pressure, Venous obstruction,Leakage of plasma proteins into ECF Myxedema(excess production of glycoproteinsin extracellularmatrix) from hypothyroidism. Low plasma protein levels resulting from liver disease
Obstruction of lymphatic drainage. |
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Term
|
Definition
| released by Post Pit when osmoreceptors detect high osmolality. From excess salt intake or dehydration Causes thirst. Stimulates H2O reabsorption from urine. ADH release inhibited by low osmolality. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Is steroid hormone secreted by adrenal cortex. Helps maintain blood volume and pressure through reabsorption and retention of salt and water. Release stimulated by salt deprivation, low blood volume, and pressure. |
|
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Term
| Renin-Angiotension-Aldosterone System |
|
Definition
| When there is a salt deficit, low blood volume, or pressure, angiotensinII is produced Angio II causes a number of effects all aimed at increasing blood pressure: Vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion, thirst |
|
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Term
| Atrial NatriureticPeptide (ANP) |
|
Definition
| Expanded blood volume is detected by stretch receptors in left atrium and causes release of ANP. ANP inhibits aldosterone, promoting salt and water excretion to lower blood volume. And promotes vasodilation. ANP, together with decreased ADH, acts in a negative feedback system to lower blood volume. |
|
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Term
| Physical Laws Describing Blood Flow |
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Definition
| Blood flows through vascular system when there is pressure difference (DP) at its two ends. Flow rate is directly proportional to difference (DP = P1-P2) . Flow rate is inversely proportional to resistance. Flow = DP/R. Resistance is directly proportional to length of vessel (L) and viscosity of blood. Inversely proportional to 4th power of radius. So diameter of vessel is very important for resistance. |
|
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Term
| Total Peripheral Resistance |
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Definition
Sum of all vascular resistances within the systemic circulation. Arteries supply tissues and organs in parallel circuits. Changes in
resistance in these circuits determines relative blood flow. |
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Term
|
Definition
Arterioles play role in blood distribution and control of BP. Blood flow to capillaries and BP is controlled by aperture of arterioles. Capillary BP is decreased because they are downstream of high resistance arterioles. Is controlled mainly by HR, SV, and peripheral resistance. An increase in any of these can result in increased
BP. Sympathoadrenal activity raises BP via arteriole vasoconstriction and by increased CO. Kidney plays role in BP by regulating blood volume and thus stroke volume. |
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Term
| Measurement of Blood Pressure |
|
Definition
Via auscultation(to examine by listening)
No sound is heard during laminar flow(normal, quiet, smooth
blood flow). Korotk off sounds can be heard when sphygmomanometer cuff pressure is greater than diastolic but lower than systolic pressure. Cuff constricts artery creating turbulent flowand noise as blood passes constriction during systole and is blocked
during diastole. 1st Korotkoff sound is heard at pressure that blood is 1st able to pass thru cuff; last occurs when one can no long hear systole because cuff pressure = diastolic pressure. Blood pressure cuff is inflated above systolic pressure, occluding artery. As cuff pressure is lowered, blood flows only when systolic pressure is above cuff pressure, producing Korotkoff sounds. Sounds are heard until cuff pressure equals diastolic pressure, causing sounds to disappear. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is activated by changes in BP. Which is detected by baroreceptors(stretch receptors) located in aortic arch and carotid sinuses. Increase in BP causes walls of these regions to stretch, increasing frequency of APs. Baroreceptors send APs to vasomotor and cardiac control centers in medulla. Is most sensitive to decrease and sudden changes in BP. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The_________ Surrounds by individual muscle cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ach fascicle of a muscle is surround by the ? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The light band of a skeletal muscle is known as the __________. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Skeletal muscle with Low inneration ratio has ___________ of neural control. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Motor unit recruitment allows for_______ contraction strength. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The thick filament is also called |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Myosin contains binding sites for _____and ______. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| During skeletal muscle contraction , adjacent ________ are pulled closer together as the ________ Between them shorten |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The movement of the troponin-tropomyosin complex requires. |
|
|
Term
| is released from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum. |
|
Definition
| The Ca2+ required for skeletal muscle contraction________ |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The major plasma protein is _______. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| What is the main component of an erythrocyte? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| When the wrong blood type is given to patient , the antibodies in the patient's blood react with the antigens on the surface of the trasfused blood causing a reaction called_________. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The final product that forms a blood clot |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| What is the enzyme that converts solble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| What are the pumps of the heart? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| What valve keeps blood from flowing back into the right atrium from the right ventricle? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The amount of blood ejected by the ventricles per beat is termed the_____. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The first sound of the heart is _____closing. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Cardiac _______ channels are called hyperpolarization cyclic nucleotide (HCN) channels because they open in response to hyperpolarization. |
|
|
Term
| Inward diffussion of Ca+2 |
|
Definition
| The action potential of cardiac pacemaker cells is caused by _____________. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The action potential of nonpacemaker cells is due to the________. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The P wave of an ECG represents ________. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Fenestrated capillaries are found in the____________. |
|
|
Term
| Stroke Volume X Cardiac rate |
|
Definition
| Cardiac output is equal to________. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Norepinephrine is released from _______nerves , Causing heart to _______. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Acetylcholine binds to _________ receptors of the heart and cause the opening of __________ Channels. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The cardiac control center of the ________ coordinates the autonomic innervation of the heart. |
|
|
Term
| End-diastolic Volume (EDV) |
|
Definition
| The volume of blood in the ventricles at the of diastole is known as __________. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| According to the Frank-Starling Law of the heart , as contraction strength increases the stroke volume_________. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| At rest most of the blood is in the______. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| is a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex which stimulates kidney salt reabsorption in the kidney. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A(n)_________is a cylindrical support used to keep an artery open. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| True or false? Cardic output increases as heart increases. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| True or false. Mechanism that affects cardiac rate are said to have a chornotropic effect. |
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