Term
| Organs of the respiratory system consist of: |
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Definition
| Nose pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs/alveoli |
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Term
| <> _________ between the blood and external environment occur only in the _________ of the lungs |
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Definition
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Term
| <> Upper respiratory tract includes passageways from the________ |
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Definition
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Term
| <> Lower respiratory tract includes passageways from the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the lower respiratory tract process air? |
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Definition
| It purifies, humidifies, and warms the air |
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Term
| The only externally visible part of the respiratory system (the nose) consists of 3 parts: |
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Definition
| The nostrils (nares), Nasal cavity, and the nasal septum |
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Term
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Definition
| Are the route through which air enters the nose |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Divides the nasal cavity into the right and left side |
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Term
| <> Olfactory receptors are located: |
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Definition
| In the mucosa on the superior surface; the rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa |
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Term
| The respiratory mucosa does what? |
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Definition
| moisten air, traps incoming foreign particles, and destroy bacteria chemically with enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| Are projections from the lateral walls of the nose |
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Term
| What is the purpose of conchae? |
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Definition
| Increase surface area, air turbulence within the nasal cavity, and the trapping of inhaled particles |
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Term
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Definition
| Separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity |
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Term
| How are the nasal palates supported? |
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Definition
| The hard palate is anterior and supported by bone, while the soft palate is posterior and unsupported |
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Term
| How are the nasal palates supported? |
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Definition
| The hard palate is anterior and supported by bone, while the soft palate is posterior and unsupported |
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Term
| <> Paranasal sinuses are what? |
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Definition
| Cavities within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones surrounding the nasal cavity |
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Term
| paranasal sinuses do what? |
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Definition
| Lighten the skull, act as a resonance chamber for speech, and produce mucous |
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Term
| The Pharynx (throat) is what? |
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Definition
| Muscular passageway from nasal cavity to larynx (continuous with the posterior nasal aperture) |
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Term
| 3 regions of the pharynx are: |
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Definition
| the Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and the Laryngopharynx |
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Term
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Definition
| superior region behind nasal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| middle region behind mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| inferior region attached to larynx |
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Term
| The Oropharynx and laryngopharynx serve as: |
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Definition
| the common passageway for air and food |
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Term
| <> the Epiglottis routes what? |
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Definition
| Food into the posterior tube, the esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
| open into the nasopharynx (it also drains the middle ear) |
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Term
| <> Tonsils are clusters of: |
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Definition
| Lymphatic tissue that play a role in protecting the body from infection |
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Term
| <> Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) |
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Definition
| a single tonsil, which is located in the nasopharynx |
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Term
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Definition
| are located in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate |
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Term
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Definition
| are found at the base of the tongue |
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Term
| <> The larynx, commonly called _____, located inferior to the pharynx functions in _________ |
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Definition
| Voice box; routing air and food into proper channels and plays a role in speech |
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Term
| The larynx is made of ________, and the _______ is the largest |
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Definition
| 8 rigid hyaline cartilages; thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple) |
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Term
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Definition
| Spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage; protects the superior opening of the larynx; Routes food to the posteriorly situated esophagus and routes air toward the trachea; during swallowing this rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx |
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Term
| <> Vocal folds (true vocal cords) do what? |
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Definition
| Vibrate with expelled air; allow us to speak |
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Term
| <> The glottis includes the what? |
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Definition
| vocal cords and the opening between the vocal cords |
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Term
| The trachea (windpipe) is how long? How is it reinforced? |
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Definition
| It's a 4-inch-long tube that connects to the larynx; walls are secured with C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, which keep the trachea patent (open) |
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Term
| How is the trachea lined? |
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Definition
| Lined with ciliated mucosa |
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Term
| Cilia beat continuously in the ______ direction of _______ |
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Definition
| Opposite direction; incoming air |
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Term
| Ciliated mucosa expel mucus loaded with: |
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Definition
| Dust and other debris away from lungs |
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Term
| The main Bronchi is formed by |
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Definition
| The division of the trachea |
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Term
| At the hilum (medial depression) what happens? |
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Definition
| Each bronchus enters the lungs |
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Term
| The right bronchus is described as: |
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Definition
| Wider, shorter, and straighter than the left |
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Term
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Definition
| Smaller and smaller branches |
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Term
| The organs that occupy the entire thoracic cavity, excluding the central mediastinum, are: |
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Definition
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Term
| The apex of the lung is located: |
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Definition
| Near the clavicle (superior portion) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| <> Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures classified as: |
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Definition
| Left lung having 2 lobes, and Right lung having 3 lobes |
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Term
| The Serosa that covers the outer surface of the lungs are know as: |
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Definition
| Pulmonary (visceral) pleura and the Parietal pleura |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Lines the walls of the thoracic cavity |
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Term
| The pleural fluid, which fills the area between layers does what? |
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Definition
| Allows the lungs to glide over the thorax; and decreases friction during breathing |
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Term
| Pleural space is more commonly thought of as |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Network of branching passageways which have reinforcing cartilage in the walls except in the smallest ones |
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Term
| The bronchial tree conduits to and from: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The smallest conducting passageways of the bronchial tree |
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Term
| Terminal bronchioles lead into the ______ and terminate in _______ |
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Definition
| Respiratory zone; alveoli |
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Term
| <> Respiratory zone includes: |
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Definition
| The respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and the alveoli (Air sacs) |
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Term
| What happens at the site of the Alveoli? |
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Definition
| It is the only site of gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| These are structures that include all other passageways |
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Term
| <> Alveoli shapes and structure |
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Definition
| Simple squamous epithelial cells largely compose the walls; Alveolar pores connect neighboring air sacs; Pulmonary capillaries cover external surfaces of alveoli |
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Term
| <> Respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier) |
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Definition
| On one side of the membrane is air, and on the other side is blood flowing past; formed by alveolar and capillary walls |
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Term
| Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by diffusion how? |
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Definition
| Oxygen enters the blood; Carbon dioxide enters the alveoli |
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Term
| Alveolar macrophages (dust cells) |
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Definition
| these add protection by picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris |
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Term
| <> Surfactant (a lipid molecule) |
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Definition
| Coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces; secreted by cuboidal surfactant-secreting cells |
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Term
| <> Functions of the respiratory system |
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Definition
| Supply the body with oxygen; dispose of carbon dioxide |
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Term
| <>Respiration includes four distinct events |
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Definition
| Pulmonary ventilation; external respiration; Respiratory gas transport; Internal respiration |
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Term
| <> Respiratory Gas Transport |
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Definition
| Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| Moving air into and out of the lungs (commonly called breathing); Mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity; Volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli; Oxygen is loaded into the blood; carbon dioxide is unloaded from the blood |
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Term
| <> Two phases of pulmonary ventilation: |
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Definition
| Inspiration (Inhalation= flow of air into the lungs) and Expiration (exhalation= air leaving the lungs) |
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Term
| Which muscles contract when inhaling or during inspiration? |
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Definition
| The diaphragm and the external intercostals |
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Term
| <> During Inhaling _______ increases and ________ decreases. |
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Definition
| Intrapulmonary volume; gas pressure |
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Term
| During inspiration, air flows into the lungs until intrapulmonary pressure _________ |
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Definition
| Equals atmospheric pressure |
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Term
| The power of a person's expiration (exhalation) depends on |
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Definition
| The lungs natural elasticity |
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Term
| <> During exhalation Intrapulmonary volume _______ and gas pressure ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| When exhaling, Gases passively flow ______________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The muscles used to exhale |
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Definition
| The internal intercostals which depress into the rib cage when they contract |
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Term
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Definition
| The pressure within the pleural space (which is always negative); It is the major factor in preventing lung collapse; If the pressure of this equaled atmospheric pressure the lungs would recoil and collapse |
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Term
| Factors that affect respiratory capacity include: |
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Definition
| Size, Sex, Age, Physical condition |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal quiet breathing; 500mL of air is moved in/out of the lungs with each breath |
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Term
| <> Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
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Definition
| Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume; Usually around 3100 mL |
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Term
| <> Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) |
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Definition
| Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration; Approximately 1200 mL |
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Term
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Definition
| Air remaining in lung after expiration; Cannot be voluntarily exhaled; Allows gas exchange to go on continuously, even between breaths, and helps keep alveoli open (inflated); About 1200mL |
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Term
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Definition
| The total amount of exchangeable air; Formula is TV+IRV+ERV; Generally, 4800mL in men and 3100mL in women |
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Term
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Definition
| Air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli; about 150 mL |
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Term
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Definition
| Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone; Usually about 350 mL |
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Term
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Definition
| The instrument used to measure respiratory capacities |
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Term
| Non-respiratory Air movements (NAM) can be caused by |
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Definition
| Reflexes or voluntary actions |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to a cough, except that expelled air is directed through nasal cavities instead of through oral cavity. The uvula, a dangling piece of tissue hanging from the soft palate, becomes depressed and closes oral cavity off from pharynx, routing air through the nasal cavities. This clears the lungs and upper respiratory passages of debris |
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Term
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Definition
| Inspiration followed by release of air in a number of short expirations. Primarily an emotionally induced mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to crying in terms of air movements produced. Is emotionally induced happy |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden inspirations resulting from spasm of diaphragm; initiated by irrigation of diaphragm or phrenic nerves, which serve diaphragm. The sound occurs when inspired air hits vocal folds of closed glottis |
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Term
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Definition
| Very deep inspiration, taken with jaws wide open; ventilates all alveoli (some alveoli may remain collapsed during normal quiet breathing) |
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Term
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Definition
| Taking a deep breath, closing glottis, and forcing air superiorly from the lungs against the glottis. Then, glottis opens suddenly and a blast of air rushes upward. This acts to clear the lower respiratory passageways |
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Term
| <> A stethoscope measures |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 recognizable sounds that can be heard with a stethoscope are: |
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Definition
| Bronchial Sounds and Vesicular breathing sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| Are produced by air rushing through large passageways such as the trachea and bronchi |
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Term
| Vesicular breathing sounds |
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Definition
| These are soft sounds of air-filling alveoli |
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Term
| Gas exchanges occur as a result of _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| External respiration is an exchange of gases occurring _______ |
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Definition
| Between the alveoli and pulmonary blood (Pulmonary gas exchange) |
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Term
| Internal respiration is an exchange of gases occurring between ________ |
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Definition
| The Blood and the tissue cells (Systemic capillary gas exchange) |
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Term
| Movement of the gas is toward the area of ________ |
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Definition
| Lower concentration/pressure |
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Term
| Oxygen is loaded into the blood and diffuses from the oxygen-rich air of the alveoli into _______ |
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Definition
| The oxygen-poor blood of pulmonary capillaries |
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Term
| Carbon dioxide is unloaded out of the body and diffuse from the blood of the _________ |
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Definition
| Pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli |
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Term
| Most oxygen travels attached to a hemoglobin and forms _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| A small amount of oxygen is dissolved and carried in |
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Definition
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Term
| Most carbon dioxide is transported in the plasma as_________ |
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Definition
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Term
| A small amount of CO2 is carried inside red blood cells on _______ but on a different _______ than oxygen |
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Definition
| The hemoglobin; Binding sites |
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Term
| For carbon dioxide to diffuse out of the blood and into the alveoli, it must ________ |
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Definition
| Be released from its bicarbonate form |
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Term
| <> Transporting CO2: Step 1 Bicarbonate ions enters |
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Definition
| The Red blood cells (RBC) |
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Term
| Transporting CO2: Step 2 combine |
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Definition
| Combine with hydrogen ions |
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Term
| <> Transporting CO2: Step 3 Form |
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Definition
| Form Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) |
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Term
| Transporting CO2: Step 4 Split |
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Definition
| Carbonic acid splits to form water + CO2 |
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Term
| Transporting CO2: Step 5 Diffusion |
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Definition
| Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue cells to blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to and from ____ |
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Definition
| The brain by the phrenic nerves and intercostal nerve |
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Term
| Neural centers that control rate and depth are located in _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Medulla does what for respiration? |
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Definition
| Sets basic rhythm of breathing and contains a pacemaker (self-exciting inspiratory center) called the ventral respiratory group (VRG) |
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Term
| What does the Pons do for respiration? |
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Definition
| Smooths out the respiratory rate |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal respiratory rate 12-15 per minute |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased respiratory rate, often due to extra oxygen needs |
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Term
| <> Non-neural factors influencing respiratory rate and depth include: |
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Definition
| Physical factors, Volition, Emotional |
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Term
| <> Physical factors that control or influence Respiration |
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Definition
| Increased body temperature, Exercise, Talking, and Coughing |
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Term
| <> Volition Factors that control Respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| Emotional factors that influence respiration |
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Definition
| Fear, anger, and excitement |
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Term
| <> The most important stimulus for breathing is: |
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Definition
| The body's need to rid itself of CO2 |
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Term
| Increased levels of CO2 in the blood increase the ____ and _________. Changes in carbon dioxide act directly on the ________ |
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Definition
| Rate; Depth of breathing; medulla oblongata |
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Term
| <> Changes in oxygen concentration in the blood are detected by ________ in the aorta and the _________ |
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Definition
| Chemoreceptors; common carotid artery |
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Term
| Oxygen is the stimulus for those systems who have become accustomed to high levels of _________ as a result of ______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Rising levels of CO2 in the blood (Acidosis) results in faster, deeper breathing. During this, CO2 is exhaled more than produced, and it results in an elevated pH. Other possible complications include apnea and dizziness and can lead to alkalosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Results when blood becomes alkaline (alkalosis); Extremely slow or shallow breathing; allows CO2 to accumulate in the blood |
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Term
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) |
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Definition
| Exemplified by Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema; Features include: Patients who have a history of smoking; Labored breathing becoming progressively worse; Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are common; and most of these patients are hypoxic, retain carbon dioxide and have respiratory acidosis, and ultimately develop respiratory failure |
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Term
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Definition
| Mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severely inflamed; Excessive mucus production impairs ventilation and gas exchange; Patients become cyanotic and are sometimes called "Blue bloaters" as a result of chronic hypoxia and carbon dioxide retention |
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Term
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Definition
| Alveoli walls are destroyed; remaining alveoli enlarge; Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis, and lungs lose elasticity; patients use a large amount of energy to exhale; some air remains in the lungs; sufferers are often called "Pink puffer" because oxygen exchange is efficient; Overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest; Cyanosis appears late in the disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Leading cause of cancer death for men and women; Nearly 90% of cases result from smoking; Aggressive cancer that metastasizes rapidly; Most common are Adenocarcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Small cell carcinoma |
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Term
| lungs do not fully inflate until |
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Definition
|
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Term
| <> Surfactant is formed _______ around __ to ___ weeks. Its job is to lower surface tension to ______________ |
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Definition
| late in pregnancy; 28; 30; prevent the alveoli from collapsing |
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Term
| Respiratory rate in newborns |
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Definition
| 40-80 respirations per minute |
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Term
| Respiratory Rate of infants |
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Definition
| 30 respiration per minute |
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Term
| Respiratory rates for ages 5-11 |
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Definition
| 25 respirations per minute |
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