Term
|
Definition
| An animal without a back bone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An animal with a back bone |
|
|
Term
| What is the order for biological classification? |
|
Definition
| Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
|
|
Term
| What is interspecific competition? |
|
Definition
| competition between different species |
|
|
Term
| what is intraspecific competition? |
|
Definition
| competition between animals of the same species |
|
|
Term
| what things do animals compete for? |
|
Definition
| food, water, mates and land |
|
|
Term
| what things do plants compete for? |
|
Definition
| light, water, minerals and space |
|
|
Term
| Name 2 types of adaptation which help an animal adapt to it's surroundings |
|
Definition
| morphological (the shape of the animal) and behavioural |
|
|
Term
| In terms of competition what would make one species of animal the dominant over another? |
|
Definition
| Adaptations; an animal better suited to its enviroment |
|
|
Term
| Describe the trend of preditor and prey cycle |
|
Definition
| "The prey's population increases, shortly thereafter the predidtors populations increses until they both start to decrease [image] " |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The number of different species in a particular area |
|
|
Term
| Give 4 reasons why biodiversity is important, |
|
Definition
| Helps regulate atmosphere, more stable eco systems which can resist harmful situations, industrial materials and new medicens |
|
|
Term
| Give one reason why biodiversity is going down |
|
Definition
| Because man is detroying species habitats |
|
|
Term
| Name three methods of keeping biodiversity up |
|
Definition
| Captive breeding programs (for example zoos), National parks, seed banks, sites of special scientific interest (SSSI) |
|
|
Term
| What is biological control? |
|
Definition
| Control of pests using another organsism such as a preditor or parasite |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of biological control |
|
Definition
| whitefly in green houses can lay eggs and destroy tomatoe crops, a certain type of wasp can be introduced to control number, it lays it's eggs inside the white fly larve meaning the larve never make it to adult hood and start eaiting tomatoe crops |
|
|
Term
| Give three advantages to biological control |
|
Definition
| it is specific to a particular pest, once the biological controller (i.e. a preditor) there is no need to reintroduce at a later date, the pest doesn't develop resistance to the preditor |
|
|
Term
| Give 3 disadvantages to biological control |
|
Definition
| There is a delay between introducing the biological controller (i.e. a preditor) and a reduction in the numbers in the pest, it does not completely eradicate the pest, only brings it's numbers down to an acceptable level, getting the balance right between preditor and pest can be tricky |
|
|
Term
| Why can getting the balance between preditor and prey be difficult in biological control? |
|
Definition
| If too many preditors are introduced then all of the prey are killed off imedietly which will mean no food for the prey and they die, if the pest comes back you will have to reintroduce the prey |
|
|
Term
| What must be consierd when looking to carry out biological control |
|
Definition
| If the controller (i.e. preditor) turns out to be a pest it self or ends up hunting other speies which aid crop growth such as bees |
|
|
Term
| What is an alien species? |
|
Definition
| An alien species is an animal or plant that has been introduced to a country that it does not originate from. |
|
|
Term
| Give 2 issues which can arise when introducing alien species |
|
Definition
| There are no preditors to control their numbers and the numbers can grow out of control, they can grow faster than native species which can kill native species off |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of an alien species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the method used to tell how many of a particular plant species there are in a particular area |
|
Definition
| Use tape measures to make a 20mx20m grid, use a random number generator to generate a good number coordinates used on the grid, use a 1m2 quadrat with the coordinates and count the number of plants in the quadrat and note down, then calculate mean and times by size of sample area |
|
|
Term
| How can we meaure an animal population which moves aroud? For example woodlice |
|
Definition
| Mark say 100 of them, a week later collect any number from the same area and count how many are marked, compare results |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 kingdoms in classification? |
|
Definition
| Bacteria, Single celled organisims, Plants, Fungi, Animals |
|
|
Term
| What is the smallest group an animal is put into in classification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the largest group an animal is put into in classification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the system we use for biological classification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When naming organisims what do all namd have in common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the advantages of using a scientific/Latin name for naming species? |
|
Definition
| The name remains the same all over the world and is the same in all languages |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 DNA bases and their letters? |
|
Definition
ATGC
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two long chains of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules connected by bases |
|
|
Term
| What is genetic profiling? |
|
Definition
| The analysis of an organisms DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cell division which produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells ( clones)
They have the same number of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| What is mitosis needed for? |
|
Definition
Make new cells for growth in the body
Make new cells to replace those which have been worn out or damaged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Meois produces 4 genetically different gametes which have half the normal number of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| What type of cell division can lead to cancer if it is left uncontrolled |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells from human embryos and bone marrow that are capable of changing into specialised cells. |
|
|
Term
| What is the source of stem cells in plants? |
|
Definition
| Meristreams - growing points in the tips of shoots and roots |
|
|
Term
| What are the sources of stem cells in animals? |
|
Definition
Bone marrow, umbilical cord babies teeth (adult stem cells)
Embryonic stem cells from embryos left over from in vitro fertility treatment (IVF) |
|
|
Term
| What are the advantages of adult stem cells? |
|
Definition
The body will accept the cells so there will be no rejection issues.
No moral or ethical issues involving the destruction of embryos |
|
|
Term
| Give an advantage of embryonic stem cells |
|
Definition
| Source of cells readily available from (IVF) |
|
|
Term
| What are the disadvantages of adult stem cells? |
|
Definition
They are complicated as the technology is still being developed
|
|
|
Term
| What are the disadvantages of embryonic stem cells? |
|
Definition
| Some people believe that destroying embryos means the destruction of potential human life? |
|
|
Term
| What is DNA profiling used for? |
|
Definition
| DNA profilling is used to identify suspects from evidence at crime scenes, paternity cases and In comaprison between species for classification |
|
|
Term
| What is the biological name for sex cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many chromozones are in a human body cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How manu chromozones are in a gameet? |
|
Definition
| Half the number there are in a normal cell |
|
|
Term
| In terms of detirmining the sex of a child what sex chromozones does a male and a female have |
|
Definition
| A female only has x chromozones (two per cell, one per gameet) a male has one x and one y per cell (One of either in a gameet) it is this which detirmines the sex of a child |
|
|
Term
| What is the probability of having a girl over a boy |
|
Definition
| No difference, x and y spem cells are produced in equal numbers meaning that there is an equal chance of having a boy and a girl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two forms of the same gene, we use letters to represent them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A genotype is what the alleles define about you |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A phenotype is a characteristic that is shown becase of your genotype |
|
|
Term
| What happens when a dominant allele is present? |
|
Definition
| This will always be the 'shown' characteristic, what your genotype will be (shown as a captital letter) |
|
|
Term
| What is a resesive allele? |
|
Definition
| A ressesive allele is 'hidden' or isn't your genotype as the dominant allelewill be 'shown' (a ressesive allele is shown as a lowercase letter) |
|
|
Term
| What is a homozygous gene? |
|
Definition
| A homozygous geme is one where both of the alleles which make up that gene are the same, for example AA or tt |
|
|
Term
| What is a hetrozygous gene? |
|
Definition
| A hetrozygeos gene is one where the alleles are different, for example Aa or Tt |
|
|
Term
| Give two advantages to GM crops |
|
Definition
| Plants which are resistant to herbicides can be sprayed with herbicide to kill weeds, leaving the plant unaffected. This leads to increased yeids as there is less competition for space and nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Give 3 disadvantages to GM crops |
|
Definition
| There are concerns about The health effect of eating them, The escape of transferred genes into other plant species, The creation of super weeds which are resistant to herbicides and other unknown long term effects |
|
|
Term
| Why is it important to carry out extensive trials of GM technology? |
|
Definition
| To understand the possible effects on the enviroment. To identify any possible health problems. To check for any possible transfer of genes to other species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the parts which make up DNA |
|
|
Term
| What are nucleotides made of? |
|
Definition
| phosphate, a sugar and a base (ATGC) |
|
|
Term
| what does A match up with in DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does base G match up with in DNA |
|
Definition
| Base G matches up with base C |
|
|
Term
| What are the bases for in DNA? |
|
Definition
| Tell the body how to make certain proteins |
|
|
Term
| What is a classification system based on? |
|
Definition
| It is based on morphological features or DNA analysis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacteria, Single celled organsims,plants,fungi and animals. |
|
|
Term
| Give the hierarchical order for classification. |
|
Definition
| Kingdom,phylum,class,order,family,genus and species |
|
|
Term
| What do animals compete for? |
|
Definition
| Food,mates,space and water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biodiversity is the variety of different species and numbers of individuals within those species in an area. |
|
|
Term
| Why is biodiversity important? |
|
Definition
| Biodiversity is important as it provides food, potential foods, industrial materials and new medicines. |
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of how biodiversity can be conserved |
|
Definition
| Seed banks, national parks and captive breeding programmes |
|
|
Term
| Describe how quadrats can be used to investigate the abundance of a species. |
|
Definition
| Measure the area. Randomise coordinates. Count the number of the organisms in the quadrat. Calculate a mean and then multiply by the area of the site. |
|
|
Term
| Describe how a line transect can be used to investigate the change in abundance of a species . |
|
Definition
| Place a tape measure on the ground. At regualr intervals put the quadrat down and count the number of the organism within it. |
|
|
Term
| Describe how to count the number of a moving organsim. |
|
Definition
| Use the capture/recapture technique. |
|
|
Term
| What assumptions are made when using the capture /recapture method ? |
|
Definition
| There is no death, immigration, emigration and marking does not affect the chance of survival. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A species that has been introduced into an area in which they do not naturally occur. |
|
|
Term
| Define biological control |
|
Definition
| The control of a pest by introduction of a natural enemy or predator |
|
|
Term
| Why must research take place before using biological control? |
|
Definition
| To assess the effects and to ensure it does not become a pest . |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They are linear arrangements of genes found in pairs in the nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of mitosis? |
|
Definition
| Growth, repair and asexual reproduction. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of meiosis? |
|
Definition
| Formation of gametes for sexual reproduction. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the process of mitosis |
|
Definition
| The genetic material is copied and then the cell divides into two genetically identical cells. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the process of meiosis |
|
Definition
| Copies of genetic information are made. The cell then divides twice to make four gametes, each has a single set of chromosomes. |
|
|
Term
| What is cancer the result of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are stem cells so important in modern medicine? |
|
Definition
| They can replace faulty cells to cure conditions like paralysis. |
|
|
Term
| What are the benefits of using your own stem cells? |
|
Definition
| No rejection, no need to find a donor, no need for tissue typing. |
|
|
Term
| What are the ethical issues surrounding use of stem cells? |
|
Definition
| The cells come from embryos which are a potential human life. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of DNA. |
|
Definition
| Two long chains of alternating sugar and phosphate connected by bases twisted into a doube helix. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine. |
|
|
Term
| Why is the order of the bases important? |
|
Definition
| The order of the bases forms the code which determines the order in which different amino acids are linked together to form different proteins. |
|
|
Term
| What is the triplet code? |
|
Definition
| The sequence of three bases which identifies a particular amino acid. |
|
|
Term
| Nhat is the process of genetic profiling? |
|
Definition
| It involves cutting the DNA into short pieces which are then separated into bands. The pattern of bands can then be compared for criminal, paternity and classification purposes. |
|
|
Term
| Nhat are the ethical issues surrouding tenetic profiling? |
|
Definition
| The information could be kept on a police database, passed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A section of DNA that determines an inherited characteristic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A different form of an individual gene. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sex cell, egg and sperm that contains half the number of chromosomes of a body cell. |
|
|
Term
| In humans if you have an XY chromosome pair, what sex are you? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a dominant allele? |
|
Definition
| If a dominant allele is present that characteristic will be expressed. |
|
|
Term
| What is a recessive allele? |
|
Definition
| Two recessive alleles need to be present for the characteristic to be expressed. |
|
|
Term
| Define genotype and phenotype. |
|
Definition
| Genotype is the alleles present eg Bb and phenotype is the characteristic eg brown hair. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fl is the first filial set of offpsring born and F2 the second generation. |
|
|
Term
| What is genetic modification? |
|
Definition
| The artificial transfer of genes from one organism to another. |
|
|
Term
| Give some advantages of genetic modification. |
|
Definition
| Disease resistance and increased yield. |
|
|
Term
| Give some disadvantages of genetic modification. |
|
Definition
| Unknown effects on health. Transfer of the gene to other species could have effects on the environment. |
|
|
Term
| Which type of variation shows a large range of differences? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of variation produces clones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can increase mutation rates? |
|
Definition
| Ionising radiation; the greater the dose the greater the chance of mutation. |
|
|
Term
| Why do new drugs take a long time to develop? |
|
Definition
| They may have side effects so require large scale rigorous testing |
|
|
Term
| What are the issues surrounding drug testing? |
|
Definition
| They may be tested on animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Usually dead or weakend microorgansims with antigens which will stimulate an immune response. |
|
|
Term
| Higher What is a vaccine? |
|
Definition
| A dead or weakened form of a disease or pathogen which the body can make antibodies from |
|
|
Term
| Higher- How do we become immune? |
|
Definition
| After an antigen is encountered, memory cells remain in the body and antibodies are produced very quickly if the antigen is encountered again. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A recessive inherited disease that causes the production of thick mucus that blocks the bronchioles. |
|
|
Term
| How is cystic fibrosis treated? |
|
Definition
| It is treated by gene therapy. The introduction of genes via a inhaler. |
|
|
Term
| Why are scientists researching the human genome? |
|
Definition
| They can use the information to develop new ways to treat, cure or even prevent disease. |
|
|
Term
| What is natural selection? |
|
Definition
| Individuals with characteristics adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and breed successfully passing their genes on to their offspring. |
|
|
Term
| Who proposed the theory of natural selection? |
|
Definition
| Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace |
|
|
Term
| Give two examples of ongoing evolution. |
|
Definition
| Antibiotic resistance in bacteria and warfarin resistance in rats. |
|
|
Term
| Why do species become extinct? |
|
Definition
| The process of natural selection has been too slow for the organisms to adapt to new environmental conditions. |
|
|
Term
| Which organs control blood glucose levels? |
|
Definition
| The pancreas releases insulin and glucagon. The liver and muscles respond to them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease in which a person has high blood sugar levels. Type 1 is due to lack of insulin production. Type 2 is due to body cells not responding to insulin. |
|
|
Term
| What solution is used to test for glucose? |
|
Definition
| Benedicts. It turns yellow/red when sugar is present. |
|
|
Term
| Name the stimuli for sense organs |
|
Definition
| light, sound, touch, temperature and chemicals. |
|
|
Term
| What does the CNS consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the properties of reflex actions? |
|
Definition
| fast, automatic and some are protective eg blinking and pupil size. |
|
|
Term
| Higher- Give the components of the reflex arc. |
|
Definition
| Stimulus, receptor, sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurone, effector and reponse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A gap between neurones over which the message is transferred by a chemical messenger. |
|
|
Term
| What assumptions are made when using the capture /recapture method ? |
|
Definition
| There is no death, immigration, emigration and marking does not affect the chance of survival. |
|
|
Term
| What is the process of genetic profiling? |
|
Definition
| It involves cutting the DNA into short pieces which are then separated into bands. The pattern of bands can then be compared for criminal, paternity and classification purposes. |
|
|
Term
| What are the ethical issues surrouding genetic profiling? |
|
Definition
| The information could be kept on a police database, passed on to life insurance companies and used in job applications. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| F1 is the first filial set of offpsring born and F2 the second generation. |
|
|
Term
| Which organs control blood glucose levels? |
|
Definition
| The pancreas releases insulin and glucagon. The liver and muscles respond to them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease in which a person has high blood sugar levels. Type 1 is due to lack of insulin production. Type 2 is due to body cells not responding to insulin. |
|
|
Term
| What solution is used to test for glucose? |
|
Definition
| Benedicts. It turns yellow/red when sugar is present. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Keeping temperature , pH, sugar and water levels within a narrow range. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical messengers secreted by glands and carried in the blood. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when blood sugars are high? |
|
Definition
| The pancreas releases insulin which causes the liver to convert glucose to glycogen and store it. |
|
|
Term
| What is involved in temperature regulation? |
|
Definition
| Change in diameter of blood vessels, sweating, erection of hairs and shivering to generate heat. |
|
|
Term
| Give the long term effects of alcohol on the body |
|
Definition
| Liver disease, circulatory and heart disease. |
|
|
Term
| Name the 4 types of microbe. |
|
Definition
| Bacteria, fungi , viruses and protists. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A micro-organism that causes disease. |
|
|
Term
| What does a bacterial cell consist of? |
|
Definition
| A cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and no distinct nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| What does a virus consist of? |
|
Definition
| A number of genes surrounded by a protein coat. |
|
|
Term
| How can communicable diseases be spread? |
|
Definition
| By contact, aerosol, body fluids, water, insects and contaminated food. |
|
|
Term
| How does the body defend itself? |
|
Definition
| Intact skin forming a barrier, blood clots to seal wounds, phagocytes in the blood ingesting microbes and lymphocytes producing antibodies and antitoxins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A molecule that is recognised by the immune system; foreign antigens trigger lymphocytes to produce specific antibodies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Medicines orginally produced by living organisms, such as fungi. They can kill or prevent growth of bacteria but do not kill viruses. |
|
|
Term
| What can overuse of antibiotics lead to? |
|
Definition
| Evolution of resistant bacteria such as MRSA. |
|
|
Term
| Higher- What is a vaccine? |
|
Definition
| Usually dead or weakend microorgansims with antigens which will stimulate an immune response. |
|
|
Term
| Give the functions of the following; sclera, cornea,pupil and iris. |
|
Definition
| Sclera-tough outer coat, cornea-clear part of sclera to let light in, pupil-hole allowing light in, iris-muscle controlling pupil size |
|
|
Term
| Give the functions of the following; lens,choroid,retina,blind spot and optic nerve. |
|
Definition
| lens- changes shape to focus light, choroid-a dark layer preventing reflection, retina-light sensitive layer, blind spot- where optic nerve leaves, optic nerve-carries impulse to brain. |
|
|
Term
| What are the names of plant reponses to light and gravity? |
|
Definition
| Phototropism and gravitropism. |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the plant hormones involved in its response to light and gravity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the kidneys? |
|
Definition
| Regulation of water content of the blood and remove waste products from the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excretion is the removal from the body of the waste products of metabolism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The diameter of the blood vessels entering the capillary knot are bigger than those leaving. This increases the pressure which forces small molecules like urea,glucose,salts and water |
|
|
Term
| What is selectively reabsorbed? |
|
Definition
| All of the glucose, some salts and much of the water. |
|
|
Term
| What can the presence of blood and glucose in the urine indicate? |
|
Definition
| Blood- kidney disease, Glucose-diabetes |
|
|
Term
| What happens when water levels in the blood are low? |
|
Definition
| The brain increase secretions of ADH which causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water. The urine is more concentrated. |
|
|
Term
| How does a dialysis machine work? |
|
Definition
| A dialysis machine uses a counter current system to maintan a diffusion gradient between the blood and the dialysis fluid which contains the correct concentration of glucose and salts. |
|
|
Term
| How is a kidney donor chosen? |
|
Definition
| The donor needs to have a similar tissue type to prevent rejection by the body and attack by the immune system. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the assumption when counting colonies. |
|
Definition
| One bacterium will give rise to one colony. However, clumping can occur leading to inaccuracies in counting. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the factors which influence the growth of Penicillium. |
|
Definition
| A starter culture of the fungus is added to a liquid nutrient medium in a fermenter. Air, temperature and pH are controlled. The anitbiotic is secreted and later filtered and |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent for AIDS, its effect and how it can be prevented? |
|
Definition
| Caused by HIV. The virus infects lymphocytes destryong immunity. Use of condoms and disposable gloves when there is possible contact with blood. |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent for Chlamydia, its effect and how it can be prevented? |
|
Definition
| Caused by Chlamydia trachmatis. It can cause infertility, conjunctivitis in babies and can spread to their lungs if the mother is infected. Prevented by use of condoms. Treated |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent for Malaria, its effect and how it can be prevented? |
|
Definition
| Caused by Plasmodium. It causes fevers and destroys red blood cells. Prevention includes killing mosquitos, spreading infertile male mosquitoes, nets and repellents. A vaccien has |
|
|
Term
| Name the stages involved in development of a new drug. |
|
Definition
| Preclinical testing on human cells grown in a lab, then animals and finally healthy human volunteers. Clinical testing uses a small group of patients. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the difference between a blind trial and double blind trial. |
|
Definition
| In a blind trial the participant doesn’t know if they have been given the drug or the placebo. In a double blind trial neither the participant or the tester know whether the particpant has |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance not containing the active drug. |
|
|
Term
| What is a monclonal antibody? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are monoclonal antibodies produced? |
|
Definition
| B lymphocytes are fused wth tumour cells forming a hybridoma- this divides rapidly to form a clone and continuously produces monoclonal antibodies. |
|
|
Term
| Give 4 medical uses of monoclonal antibodies. |
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Definition
| Diagnosis of disease including chlamydia and HIV, tissue typing for transplants, monitoring the spread of malaria and supporting chemotherapy for cancer. |
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Term
| What is the formula for percentage change? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the blood vessels entering/exiting the kidneys? |
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Definition
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