Term
|
Definition
| responds to sound; sound only exists in the brain— it is just vibration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a pattern of compression and decompression
In a vacuum, there are no molecules, so there is no sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tone with only one frequency; does not occur in nature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the number of vibrations per second; measured in Hertz (Hz)
Human ASP can sense vibrations between 20-20,000 Hz
Male voices— 50-500 Hz
Female voices— 200-1000 Hz
Dogs can hear up to 100,000 Hz
Rats can hear up to 300,000 Hz |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distance between two corresponding peaks (or valleys) in a sound wave; not used when talking about the auditory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the height of the vibration; the larger the amplitude, the louder the sound; measured in deciBels (dB) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the “rods and cones” of the ear; transducers
Located in the cochlea, meaning “snail”; found in the temporal bone
Cochlea is filled with liquid that is the same composition of the ocean
Vibrating air → vibrating liquid → action potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| must convert vibrations in the air to vibrations in liquid; air is more elastic than water; vibrating air is incompatible with vibrating water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
only mammals have this; outer ear; fleshy sound collector that gathers sound; also used to localize sound; our pinnae are fairly crappy compared to other animals
Most other animals have movable pinnae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
auditory canal; where you stick a q-tip
35 mm long
Helps the middle ear by protecting it and warming the eardrum, and producing waxy insecticide; improves resonance
Sounds between 2000-5000 Hz are amplified, so we hear these best; screams, metal screeching, sirens, whistles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cavity located inside the temporal bone
2 cm3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| middle ear; the ear drum; flexible membrane at the end of the auditory canal; .4 cm2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
middle ear; three tiny bones attached to the ear drum
Protect hair cells
The muscles attached to the bones contract and relax to created vibration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pulling the bones apart from each other
After a loud concert, your bones are still pulled apart, so you cannot hear well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
middle ear; tube that connects the middle ear with the throat
Ear drums need to vibrate as freely as possible; allows us to continually put air into the middle ear
This is why swallowing helps pop our ears
Sometimes, bacteria from the throat enters the middle ear, and white blood cells (pus and blood) enter the ear and burst the ear drum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| middle ear; membrane doorway into the cochlea; .032 cm2; more pressure on this than on the ear drum because it is smaller; vibrates liquid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner ear; one of the perilymph-filled cavities in the cochlear labyrinth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner ear > scala tympani; bulges outward to relieve pressure, vibrates liquid in scala tympani |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner ear; oval window opens into this, which causes fluid in this to vibrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner ear; space in apex of cochlea where scala vestibuli meets scala tympani |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains cochlear duct which contains hair cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Enhances low frequency
Underwater: can pick up up to 100,000 Hz
Cannot hear it, will not produce pain, but will destroy the auditory system
Hold tuning fork up to their skull
If cannot pass air conduction test, but can pass bone conduction test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a musical sound is perceived by the ear as a set of a number of constituent pure harmonic tones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
type of analysis that is performed that can break up a complex waveform into its various frequencies
Used to match voices to suspects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| noises; booms, hisses, bangs, etc.; involve all frequencies within a large range; white noise is included in this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more musical noises; complex waveforms; based on particular frequencies within a very narrow range |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overtones; higher tones above the fundamental; multiples of the fundamental |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pattern of harmonics an instrument has |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
double the frequency; ex. 440 Hz - 880 Hz
12 semitones (“half tones”; c#, d#, etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
psychological distance between two notes
There are not equal distances between notes
Higher frequencies sound farther apart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lowest note 27 Hz → middle C 262 Hz → highest note 4180 Hz |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Helmholtz; the place on the basilar membrane that vibrates determines the frequency we hear
Explains frequencies of 5000 ↑ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Helmholtz; frequency with which hair cell fires mirrors frequency of the sound
Explains how we hear pitch ↓ 100 Hz |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Von Bekesy; a number of hair cells fire at once, and the sum of the action potentials equal the frequency of the sound
Explains frequency between 100 Hz and 5000 Hz |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minimum amount (of intensity, deciBels, etc.) necessary in order to detect a sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minimum amount (of intensity, deciBels, etc.) that causes pain (between 120-140 dB) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
space between absolute and pain threshold; 150 dB for 1000 - 5000 Hz
Duration ↑, detection ↑
Number of tones ↑, detection ↑, threshold ↓ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tone in both ears, makes it easier to detect, decrease absolute threshold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sounds covering up other sounds; when two sounds are the same frequency, they cancel each other
Can mask same or higher frequency, but not lower |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
To hear a tone, there must be 6-9 cycles; anything less is a click
Need at least 10 msec to perceive tone of 1000 Hz |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Number of action potentials per second encodes pitch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| space-filling quality of the sound; psychological |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| packed quality of the sound; higher frequencies perceived to be more dense; psychological |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Animals use different sound qualities to communicate
Low, deep, slow— ogreish
Frequency, intensity, duration
Power and confidence— low frequency, loud, long duration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Yelp is high frequency, short duration, low intensity— communicates fear, helplessness, defeat
Growl is low frequency, short duration, low intensity— communicates power, authority |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Listening is different from reading
Sounds flow together, letters are individual symbols |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stop the flow of air and then release it suddenly (b, p, g, k, d, t) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| almost impede the flow of air, but do not (f, v, th, s, z, sh) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| force the air out the nose (n, m, ng) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| make vocal cords work (b, g, d) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| do not use vocal cords (p, t, k) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kind of like vowels because air is not completely impeded, only slightly (r, w, l, sometimes y, as in yesterday) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
English has 40 different ones
Spanish has fewer
Italian only has 17 of these, making it very easy to learn
Perception is conceptually driven— top-down, rather than data driven— bottom-up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensations that arise from the body |
|
|
Term
| Von Frey’s 4 skin sensations |
|
Definition
Touch
Warm
Cold
Pain
No R differences among receptors |
|
|
Term
| Kinesthesia (proprioception) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| palms and soles of feet; extra layers of tissue that provide protection; can feel things more sensitively |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| top layer; dead cells; epidermis is thicker on glabrous skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| live skin; contains receptors, sweat glands, hair follicles; muscles that control hair positions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hair standing on end; traps air between hair and body to keep the organism warm; in humans, causes goosebumps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fat beneath the skin; more in women; greater pain tolerance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve endings in the skin, responsible for sensitivity to pain and pressure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of nerve ending in the skin that is responsible for sensitivity to light touch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The information these provide are those regarding pressure and texture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensitive to skin stretch, and contributes to the kinesthetic sense of and control of finger position and movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These have the ability to detect low-frequency vibration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A B (A beta) fibers (thick, myelinated fibers); spinal cord → hindbrain → midbrain → thalamus
Carries info about pressure and kinesthesia (movement)
200 meters/second
Most info is coming to brain via the spinal cord
Goes through...something nucleus
More modern than limbic system |
|
|
Term
| Primary somatosensory cortex |
|
Definition
located in the front of the parietal lobe
Gets info from AB fibers nerves → midbrain → thalamus → primary somatosensory cortex |
|
|
Term
| Spinothalamic (extralemniscal) path |
|
Definition
| carries information about pain and temperature |
|
|
Term
| Paleospinothalamic pathway |
|
Definition
travels through peripheral nervous system through c fibers (narrow and no myelin)
Half a meter/second
Evolved before...
Carries information about dull, burning pain that is hard to localize |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
alpha delta; thin, myelinated axons
Travels 50 meters/second
Sharp pain
Limbic system (fight or flight/emotion) → thalamus → posterior nucleus → secondary somatosensory cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decrease in sensitivity to repeated stimuli
Takes longer to adapt to something heavy than to something light
Adapt to larger areas faster than smaller areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
area on the skin that stimulates one neuron
Positive center, inhibitory surrounding area
To feel two points, one toothpick must be in one receptive field, and the other must be in a separate one— when they overlap, you feel one point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
minimum amount of energy necessary to feel pressure
Genitalia have lowest threshold
Lips, cheek, and neck also have low thresholds
Belly and back have highest thresholds
Women typically have lower two-point thresholds than men, except for in the breasts
Glabrous skin has the highest threshold
Not sensitive to pressure, but to two-point discrimination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
skin only responds to vibrations between 40 and 20,000 Hz
Skin naturally feels 2,500 Hz |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
some parts of the body are represented more than others on the brain
Violin players have much higher representation of fingers on the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “where” information; endpoint for “where” vision pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “what” information for vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| apply object to person’s skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allow person to move their hands and feel the object |
|
|
Term
| Visual substitution system |
|
Definition
| involves passive touch; camera films an object, computer translates it to vibrations on the person’s back or neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves passive touch; as a person is reading braille, the letter is vibrated on the fingertip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves active touch in reading |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of recognizing objects through touch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| damage to the inferior parietal lobe; person doesn’t know what they’re touching |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dilation of blood vessels in hot temperatures; blood “bubbles” to the surface and releases heat; reason skin looks red after exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood stays deep inside the body to keep core temperature warm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temperature at which your skin is adapted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
range of temp around physiological zero to which one will not respond
Skin is most sensitive at extremes
Trunk is most sensitive to cold temperature
Head is most sensitive to warm stimuli, especially the lips
Limbs are least sensitive to warm temperatures
Steven’s Power Law— 1.6 for warm, 1.0 for cold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fact that when you touch something very hot, it feels cold; the ability to feel cold in presence of hot stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two pain pathways; paleo contains C fibers, neo contains Adelta fibers; sharp pain, then dull pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
which parts of the body are most sensitive to pain
Worst: back of knee
Best: tip of nose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to take away pain; tylenol, aspirin, ibuprofen— work at tissue level to keep substance P from being released |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sound closes the gate to consciousness to prevent pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka narcotics; morphine, codeine, percocet, oxycodone
Increases dopamine; causes addiction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vibrate a needle in a pain point and it blocks the gate to consciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suggestion that they close the gate to consciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focus can convince the body not to feel pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| counteracts pain substance P; endorphins close the pain gate in the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to take away feeling; not preferred when possible to use other means |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| machine that allows us to measure pain; measured in dols; paint the forehead or back of hand black and shine an intense light on it to control level of pain |
|
|
