witches practiced a pact with the devil, entered into an agreement with Satan. making a pact with the devil. One of the ways they identified someone as a with. What is the text of this? Malius malikarum? Written by inquisition judges in 1488. The end of the 15th century. However it gained popularity in the 16th century and into the 17th century. How can we identify a with? Single, widowed, disruptive, poor. It lays out the characteristics of a witch.  Women are more likely candidates of witchcraft because the diabolical pact was sealed with sexual acts and women were “not smart” enough and were too promiscuous to resist the devil’s temptation

Malleus Maleficium:

1486, witches are people who do their magic for solely evil purposes by putting spells and curses to do ill harm. MM is used to rule out heresay, the court printed this book about witchcraft and a synthesis about witchcraft: features diabolical pact, originally, little impact but popularity grew, rate orf prosection of witches also grew with success of book, women are the most likely candidates of witchcraft because the diabolical pact was sealed with 

*Wrtten by 2 monks whose job it was to rule out heresy; created synthesis about witchcraft; became popular in the middle of the 16th century and was the most popular text in Europe; rate of witch prosecutions went up as a result; feature diabolical pact; see “print culture” - these ideas could be widely circulated now.

Elizabeth I: 

ruled 1558-1603, female monarch of England, represented herself as masculine (with masculine robes and tying hair back), refused to marry. wanted to be viewed as the mother of her people. She wanted to seem like she ad the looks of a woman, but the heart and power of a man. It was also the next naturally expected phase of her life.  

Christina of Sweden:

1629-1689, crowned queen of Sweden at 8 years old, cultivated masculinity (was a great rider, short hair attended parliament, participated in philosophical discussions, resisted pressure to marry), abdicated the thrown at age 29, moved to Rome

Family-State Compact

 the regulation of morality through government policies such as marriage bureaus, shift from religion determining social behaviors to the secular courts. Creation of policies on parental consent, policies on childbirth, pregnancy declarations, etc.  3 statements on rulership. Gov is the father people are the subjects or the metaphor of the head and the body. Some sort of familial relationship with their subjects. It was contractual as well as familial. Phrase coined by Sarah Hanley. 

Politics of Protest

 Men are responsible for paying taxes therefore the main protesters of higher taxes were men. Women were responsible for purchasing bread and budgeting household goods, therefore women were the protesters of increased bread prices.

Bread riots

Bread was the most important staple of people’s diets, families were very sensitive to changes in bread prices (similar to gas prices today), there was a constant bread price fluxuation so there were constant bread riots, bakers were often harassed into coercive bargaining through yelling and stealing loaves of bread.Often they were not legally responsible for issues involving crimes with bread bc it was their job to feed their families. This is another example of a gendered crime. Women protested over bread whereas men protested over taxation. 

Moral Economy:

Prices are based on people’s needs, their demands for lower prices are often granted through protests, contrasting a market economy which dictates that prices are based on supply of goods and demand of consumers.

Separations of Property

when a man and woman are legally married but keep separate money, inheritance, property, etc. This was used as a means to keep households together, if husbands and wives fought over monetary issues, this was supposed to resolve this conflict. Evidence of rise of court system over community support networks or church courts.

Separations of property and person

when a man and woman are legally married but keep separate money and separate households. The Catholic Church didn’t leave room for divorce so instead of going against the curch, people simply lived apart from their spouses. This was another way to prevent spousal abuse

Domestic violence

Cases were often tried in a civil court instead of a criminal pne, because domestic problems were considered a private matter.(I don’t think so. civil courts were MORE public. also DV was often in public sphere back then.) Women often revoked their testimony and continued living with their batterer. Upperclass women did not bring their cases to court. Lower class women often came to court with witnesses such as neighbors or church members. Disciplining one’s household was considered a duty of men, it was only when it became a disruption to the community that men were tried for it. Women had to prove that their beatings were: unjustified, unprovoked, their husbands were drunks, had frequent beatings, and that theiy used an instrument “thicker than a thumb” in order to gain court 

Domestic violence

sympathy.There is no punishment for child abuse of husband abuse at this time. Hardwick reading II.

Infanticide

becomes a capital crime, most of the women prosecuted were lower class, single, servants, etc. Infanticide increases in 16th century due to stigmatization of being a single mother, capitalism causes economic uncertainty to single mothers, married women were less likely accused of infanticide because their failed births are associated with stillborns because they have no obvious reason (so they thought) of killing a child. Usually infanticide is much more favorable than getting rid of it at orphanage because the shame of being pregnant and unmarried is too great.  11x more women were put on trial for infanticide than witchcraft. Rousseau helped decrease the amount of infanticide. 

A world of goods

people are buying more amounts of goods and more variety of items, the value of goods remain the same but people acquire more amounts of goods, shopping experience changed with actual shops instead of just shop windows, the quality of goods is dependent on social status, men owned 2x as many clothes and women owned 10x as many clothes as they did before this revolution, cotton was imported from other countries (increased patterns and colors), styles began to change with fashions, trends, etc. (umbrellas, mirrors, watches, furniture, etc. were emulated of the upper classes but available much cheaper)

14.  Razors- also ties into individualism. Men can shave and create a more unique identity. 18th century phenomenon.  shaving, like other aspects of personal life, becomes part of private home life.

Dresses

similar to razors. Individuality. Rise of women’s work becoming important to dressmaking. Women went into pink collared work. They worked into dressing and dress shops. Much less labor intensive than working in a field or having to do laundry for someone. Clothes were not so much an issue of status anymore because now the lower ranks could buy cloths that were the same or very similar to nobility.  

 Consumer revolution

increase in the variety of goods. There was more money to be spent. The value of goods in the household are staying the same, there are just more goods in the household. End of 17th into 18th century. This leads to the rise of  individualism because no they can really express themselves through some sort of exterior medium. This ties nicely with the movement from subject to citizen now they are not just a member of a community, but they are an individual person. 

Pregnancy declarations

correlation between marriagability. Law that became required for single pregnant woman to declare the father of their unborn child. This was required to stabilize society and so inheritance could be more easily tracked. 

 Marie-Antoinette:

1755-1793, married at 15 for political alliance, blamed for inability to have children at first, guillotined at French Revolution, consumer of Bertin’s dresses, racked up huge debt for France, subject of Rousseau’s scrut“the wrong kind of mother,” became,e a “lightening rod”

  Divorce

Divorce: not allowed in catholic countries, but was in protestant. Result of the catholic reformation. Separation of property and person ---> this was not divorce, but a legal separation. 

Grub Street

the rise of groups of people who live off their earnings from writing about: gossip with aristocracy, Marie Antoinette, and slander, unable to have patrons so they freelanced. pamphlets of marieantoinette.  

Gutter Rousseauism:

critiques of grubstreets are simply extensions of Rouseau’s ideals of women’s typical behavior, Robert Darnton, a critique of upperclass women not spending enough time at home, instead they are participating in politics, gambling, sexual liberation, drinking, etc. 18th century society. He makes it easier for the uneducated to understand the general ideas and putting them into critiques. 

Great masculine renunciation

peacocks. Men went to shirt and pants, clean shaven, short hair. This is part practicality bc they are working in wage labor jobs so they need to be more practical with what they are wearing. No more lavish cloths and long hair. 

Pink Collar work

work done by women. New form of work for women. Less labor intensive.working in the fashion industry. Women are now the main purchasers of fashion and clothing. In the 16th and 17th century men were the clothing buyers, but now in the 18th women are now the largest buyers.  Upper class and lower class now also had more face to face negotiations . 

Jean Jacques Rousseau

 18th century writer. confessions. new ideas on families and politics. different ideals on the role of women. envisioned a compassionate marriage. not favored by the upper classes who arranged marriages for political and economical reasons. rejects the idea that women are imperfect men. they are biological distinct. His work Emile was the 1st important childhood development model. 

Emile:

 reframed family life with biological difference, wives are in charge of raising and educating children, morality, women should stay at home raising children, men are smart and strong, women are future mother’s, women are more domesticated, less laborous, motherhood is a central value, men are dependent upon women: through raising them and their children, this is mainly an upper class phenomenon as lower class families couldn’t afford the mother not working, working mothers are still expected to fulfill Rousseau’s gender roles

Olympe d

Ironically, Emile highlights how women of upper class are not spending enough time at home, in favor of politics, sexual liveration, overindulgence, gambling, drinking, etc. instead of staying home, educating children.e Gouges and the Declaration of the Rights of women: 1791, proposes change through education (like Rousseau) no tie 

between love and marriage, property is the main importance

Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Women

1790, “republican motherhood” to bring up the future citizens, critique of Rousseaus’ idea of marriage and love, wives are like spaniels