Term
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Definition
| dosage of a chemical that is needed to produce death in 50% of treated animals |
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Term
| NOAEL - "No Observed Adverse Effect Level" |
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Definition
| highest dose that does not produce a statistically significant toxic effect |
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Term
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Definition
| estimate of daily exposure to an agent that is assumed to have NO adverse health impact on humans |
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Term
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Definition
Signs: tachycardia, NO CHANGE in BP, dry flushed hot skin, elevated temp., urinary retention, agitated delirium;
Causes: ATROPINE, scopolamine, ANTIHISTAMINES, ANTI-PARKINSONS, ANTIPSYCHOTICS, plants;
Tx: physostigmine or neostigmine |
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Term
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Definition
Signs: tachycardia, HTN, elevated temp., diaphoresis, mydriasis, seizures, delirium, paranoia;
Causes: cocaine, amphetamine, OTC decongestants (ephedrine);
Tx: beta blockers to decrease heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
Signs: hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory depression, miosis, hyporeflexia, CNS depression, coma;
Causes: narcotics (heroin, morphine, oxycodone)
Tx: symptomatic AND naloxone (Narcan) |
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Term
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Definition
Signs: hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory depression, miosis, hyporeflexia, CNS depression, coma;
Causes: barbiturates, benzodiazepines, EtOH;
Tx: symptomatic and possibly flumazenil, IV saline |
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Term
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Definition
Signs: confusion, CNS depression, muscle twitching - weakness/paralysis, miosis, salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation;
Causes: organophosphates, carbamate insecticides, physostigmine, edrophonium, mushrooms;
Tx: atropine (cholinergic antagonist) & pralidoxime (2-PAM) |
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Term
| Principles of Non-Specific Tx of Toxicities |
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Definition
1) optimize airway situation;
2) determine nature of poison;
3) surface decontamination - flush area with large amounts of water or saline |
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Term
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Definition
| non-specific chelator, limits drug absorption but is NOT efficacious if drug is RAPIDLY absorbed; |
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Term
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Definition
| non-absorbable polyethylene glycol in balanced electrolyte solution (PEG-3350); used for large ingestion of drugs poorly absorbed by activated charcoal (Fe, Li) |
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Term
| organophosphate insecticides - methyl parathion, carbamates |
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Definition
irreversible and reversible AChE inhibitors; EXTREMELY TOXIC --> respiratory failure due to diaphragm paralysis, CNS depression, bronchoconstriction;
Signs (low): HA, nausea, dizziness, Salivation, Lacrimation, Urinary retention, Defacation;
Tx: atropine (for both types) + pralidoxime (2-PAM) for o's |
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Term
| Chlorinated Insecticides - DDT |
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Definition
MoA: interferes w/ vg-Na channels --> seizures;
Less toxic than AChE inhbitors due to poor absorption;
Agents are persistent, environmentally stable --> accumulate in food
Signs: weakness, numbness, twitches, tremors, seizures;
Tx: activated charcoal, anticonvulsants - phenobarbital, diazepam (seizures) |
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Term
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Definition
rapid acting on insects, rapidly metabolized by humans and have LOW TOXICITY;
Signs: bronchospasm, numbness, seizures, coma;
Tx: activated charcoal, give O2, bronchodilators |
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Term
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Definition
Found in windshield washer solvent;
S&S: CNS depression, metabolized to formaldehyde and formate --> blindness, metabolic acidosis;
Tx: Na Bicarb IV (acidosis), folic acid-vitamin B complex, ADH inhibitors - 4-methylpyrazole (fomepizole) & EtOH (competitive) |
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Term
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Definition
found in auto antifreeze;
S&S: CNS depression, HYPOCALCEMIC TETANY, OXALICACIDURIA;
Tx: Ca IV (hypocalcemia), pyridoxine, folate, thiamine, ADH inhibitors - ethanol, 4-methylpyrazole (fomepizole) |
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Term
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Definition
| improperly used as low-cost substitute for glycerin & propylene glycol in pharmaceutical products |
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Term
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Definition
10% absorbed in adults, 40% in children;
Distributes in soft tissue then bone;
T1/2 in soft tissue: 1-2 months, T1/2 in bone: years, decades;
S&S: HYPOCHROMIC MICROCYTIC ANEMIA, neuropathy, ENCEPHALOPATHY w/ CONVULSIONS (BBB deterioration), loss of appetite, abdominal pain, gout attacks, stillbirths, altered sperm
Diagnosis: measure blood levels; |
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Term
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Definition
Use erythrocyte protophoryin test for diagnosis;
Prevent further exposure;
Ca EDTA IV & dimercaprol (BAL) IM for severe cases;
dexamethasone for cerebral edema;
dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA, Succimer) is DRUG OF CHOICE due to high effectiveness & oral dosing --> give for 19 days |
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Term
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Definition
Sources: rural/municipal water, coal, metal ores, industry;
Symptoms: violent nausea, laryngitis, bronchitis, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, garlic odor on breath, capillary damage --> dehydration, shock, death; if pt survives --> sensory neuropathy results
Tx: dimercaprol (BAL) IM |
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Term
| Chronic Arsenic Intoxication |
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Definition
few symptoms until irreversible injury: dermal - hyperkeratosis, exfoliative dermatitis, vesicular lesions on feet, peripheral neuropathy, cutaneous vasodilation ("Milk & Roses") complexion, bone marrow depression, fatty liver degeneration --> death, increased risk of cancers;
Tx: dimercarpol (BAL) IM |
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Term
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Definition
gas formed when acid touches arsenic metal;
Symptoms: rapid hemolysis, death;
Low dose produces partially reversible kidney damage;
NO ANTIDOTE, supportive therapy only |
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Term
| organic mercury - methylmercury |
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Definition
used as fungicides for seeds; biotransformed by microorganisms in water --> concentrates in fish --> consumed by humans;
Symptoms: loss of balance, ataxia, sensory defects, loss of visual field, deafness, dysarthria -- ALL are IRREVERSIBLE;
DO NOT eat more than 1 piece of predatory fish (shark, swordfish) per week;
Co-administer fish with selenium --> reduces toxic effects |
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Term
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Definition
given IM or IV for severe lead poisoning;
toxic to kidney at high dose;
SEs: chills, fever, nausea, vomiting, allergies;
if disodium form is given instead --> rapid & severe HYPOCALCEMIA can occur |
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Term
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Definition
first orally effective chelator;
more rapidly effective than EDTA for lead poisoning;
SEs: GI distress, rash, diarrhea, increase serum transaminases;
Also may be useful for ARSENIC & MERCURY |
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Term
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Definition
colorless, odorless, tasteless, nonirritating ubiquitous gas;
Acute Poisoning:
produces hypoxia b/c 220x affinity for hemoglobin than O2, fatal at around 80% carboxyhemoglogin;
Chronic exposure: possible cardiovascular problems;
Tx: remove from gas, then give hyperbaric O2 |
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Term
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Definition
produces pulmonary fibrosis that presents 15-20 yrs after exposure;
slowly progressing dx, causes pleural plaques --> LUNG CANCER MESOTHELIOMA
Tx: NO antidote, prevent exposure by wearing protective clothing, respirators |
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Term
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Definition
formed from ubiquitous spore-forming bacteria;
VERY POTENT;
Signs: mild - nausea, vomiting;
severe - constipation, sore throat, blurred vision, dysphonia, dysarthria, sluggish pupillary reactivity, respiratory insufficiency;
Tx: respiratory support - intubation; antibotulinum toxin - give early |
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Term
| prochlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) |
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Definition
found in plasticizers, insulating materials;
Environmentally stable;
Associated with CHLORACNE & liver damage;
may affect IQ of newborns; |
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Term
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Definition
class of chemicals that are contaminants of industrial processes;
has no color, odor, is highly lipid soluble, and is environmentally stable; contaminant of Agent Orange
Signs: nasuea, HA, skin lesions, CHLORACNE, LIVER DAMAGE, change in sex ratio of newborns (more females), cardiovascular dx, DM, increased risk of GI & lymphatic tissue cancers |
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Term
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Definition
| found in most types of polycarbonate plastics; leaches from water bottles; |
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