Making a generalization from specific cases; used to formulate a general rule after examining a pattern.

The act of reasoning from a general idea to a specific point or conclusion.

All oranges are fruits. All fruits grow on trees.
Therefore, all oranges grow on trees.

Useful when we cannot directly observe a cause, and can only observe its consequences. 

Intellectual property

Any product of someone's intellect that has commercial value, especially copyrighted material, patents, and trademarks

Music, books, movies, artwork, product names, logos, slogans and packaging, inventions

Is a significant component of success for companies and nations

A piece of writing that has been copied from someone else and is presented as being your own work

Copying someone else’s essay word for word and turning it in with your name

Is a serious crime that which also takes away from originality  

An act or instance of noticing or perceiving.

Observing a character's personality throughout the book.

Helps broaden comprehension on certain subjects

A formal meeting for the assessment of a candidate or applicant; a conversation in which facts and opinions are sought

A job interview to see if the applicant is qualified for the job; an interview with an author to ask questions about his/her book

Increases the likelihood of having trustworthy employees; clears up possible confusions on a book

Collection of data; a form containing a set of questions

Survey of how many people like doing surveys

Helps gain statistical information

an act or operation for the purpose of discovering something unknown or of testing a principle, supposition, etc.

a chemical experiment, a teaching experiment, experiment in living

offer new insight on certain things or issues that have yet to be figured out

the moment-to-moment experience and sensory awareness of internal and external events

having first-hand experience of sky diving 

increases your depth of knowledge on many different aspects. can benefit from life lessons that can't be taught or learned at school. 

the minimum amount (of something) required to start or maintain a venture

selling a business because it lacks critical mass

the parts of a written or spoken statement that precede or follow a specific word or passage, usually influencing its meaning or effect

making historical context to events that took place before the World War II

makes it easier to understand concepts 

the persons reached by a book, radio or television broadcast,etc.

when someone writes about the dangers of cyberbullying and how to monitor kids on the internet, the audience is ultimately parents and guardians

the whole reason why anyone writes anything is to reach out to a certain group of people. 

arguments that appeal to fear and threats

"There is a big party Saturday night.  If you want a good grade on your essay you had better go with me."

It's a strategy used to alarm readers on particular issues through literature

type of fallacy that involves a situation in which only two alternatives are considered, when in fact there are additional options

"If you are not with us, you are against us."

used in an attempt to force a choice

a claim that some action will be just the first step toward some horrible end

"If you don't finish your homework you won't get a good grade, then you won't be able to get into the college you want. You will end up cleaning toilets for a living."

Appeals to fear in an attempt to persuade readers

unfair appeal to the audience's emotions to distract them from the facts

The thousand of baby seals killed in the Exxon Valdez oil spill have shown us that oil is not a reliable energy source.

Too much of it is never good and causes an argument to lose credibility but when used skillfully, it can be effective in convincing the audience to agree

Suggesting that simply because a lot of others are doing it, you should too.

Everyone else is going out and getting drunk tonight, so you should too.

Might convince audience that certain choices are acceptable since everyone else is making them, even if they may be morally wrong

Suggesting that you should listen and follow what someone has to say about something that he or she is in fact not a credible, reliable authority on.

Britney Spears says that George W. Bush has got a great plan for the economy, and so therefore I am supporting him because I trust what she has to say.

Giving credibility to false authorities can result in the loss of your own credibility

Proposing that there simply cannot be any other possible way of making sense of and engaging with an issue but the one you represent.

There’s no way that anyone can argue that abortion is anything other than murder.

Tries to convince audience to look at an issue from a closed off point of view by proposing that there is only one way to make sense of it.

Proposing that because some people act a certain way, then everyone else has the right to do so too.

 If John F. Kennedy got away with committing adultery while in office as President, then Bill Clinton and all subsequent presidents should be able to do so too.

Writers use this as a way to try to justify one wrongdoing by providing an example of another in an attempt to persuade the audience. 

Attacking the character of a person rather than engaging with the claim, reasons, and evidence she or he is setting forth.

In listening to what you have to say I have this to say in reply: only an idiot would argue for pursuing a peaceful solution to this conflict.

Pushes their argument as the only correct one by relentlessly criticizing opposing opinions.

Drawing a conclusion, especially a sweeping one, from insufficient evidence.

Fred the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves

Making quick and irrational judgments only lead to continuous disagreements and leave no room for compromise.

The faulty assumption that because one event follows another, the second necessarily causes the first.

Bill bleached his hair blonde last week, and this week three other guys at the same school did the same; therefore the latter all changed their hair color because Bill did.

Assuming as true the very claim that is disputed, in a circular argument

You can’t give me a C; I’m an A student.

Misrepresents a position in order to make it appear weaker than it actually is, refutes this misrepresentation of the position, and then concludes that the real position has been refuted

 People who think abortion should be banned have no respect for the rights of women. They treat them as nothing but baby-making machines. That's wrong. Women must have the right to choose.

A clever strategy that writers use in order to make their arguments seem more valid by making the opposing side seem ridiculous.

Drawing an analogy that is based upon faulty equations or identifications of terms.

It has been scientifically proven that people need to drink a certain amount of water every day to keep healthy.   Water is a liquid and so is beer.   Therefore people should be able to substitute beer for water, drinking as much beer each day as doctors recommend people drink water, in order to keep healthy.

An irrelevant topic is presented in order to divert attention from the original issue

Grading this exam on a curve would be the most fair thing to do. After all, classes go more smoothly when the students and the professor are getting along well.

May cause the audience to be distracted from the more important point by the irrelevant fact.

 a sentence in which two or more independent clauses (i.e., complete sentences) are joined without appropriate punctuation or conjunction. 

It is nearly half past five we cannot reach town before dark.

When used correctly, gives a sense of urgency.

The premises of an argument do support a particular conclusion—but not the conclusion that the arguer actually draws.

You are hot and I am cold. You are wearing a brown coat. So let's go for a drink.

Confuses the audience by supporting one conclusion but proposing another.

A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence. 

After the rain stops.

They look like complete sentences, but they don't express a complete thought

The omission of one or more words, which must be supplied by the listener or reader.

Wise men talk because they have something to say; fools, because they have to say something.

Secures economy of expression

 the fallacy that a proposition is true simply on the basis that it has not been proved false or that it is false simply because it has not been proved true

In spite of all the talk, not a single flying saucer report has been authenticated. We may assume, therefore, there are not such things as flying saucers.

A logical fallacy that occurs when it is assumed that if one wrong is committed, another wrong will cancel it out.

Since it is claimed that person B would do X to person A, it is acceptable for person A to do X to person B.

This way people could never reach an agreement or solution.

merciless, caustic, or harsh

"Get to work before I fire you and then you'll end up homeless and on the streets."

to convey a tone that is harsh

calm and unemotional

To keep a restrained tone even while being insulted

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

affecting or moving the emotions

"the homecoming of the released hostages was an affecting scene"

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Showing or implying a usually patronizing descent from dignity or superiority.

How a king would speak to his servant.

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Showing or expressing contempt or disdain; scornful

"I can't believe you would do such a horrible thing."

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

cutting; sarcastic

"Make yourself at home and clean my kitchen."

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Praising widely or presenting to widespread and favorable public notice

"Today is a day to rejoice for all the soldiers who have been making sacrifices for the sake of this country and its people."

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Appreciably superior or imposing

"Go do your homework before I ground you for another two weeks."

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Sympathizing or condoling with

"I'm so sorry for your loss."

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Firm, strict, or uncompromising.

"No. You still can't have the toy gun even if you cleaned your room today."

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Admitting of or causing doubt; uncertain; ambiguous

"I'm not too sure if I should trust his words. He doesn't seem like a very honest person."

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Characterized by a strain upon the nerves or feelings

"I could feel the tension in the room as I sat across from my ex-husband's parents."

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Pertaining to or characterized by pessimism; gloomy

"If I fail this test I'm automatically going to fail at life."

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Disposed to take a favorable view of events or conditions and to expect the most favorable outcome.

"Think of yourself as on the threshold of unparalleled success. A whole, clear, glorious life lies before you. Achieve! Achieve!"

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Displaying or indicative of an offensively condescending manner.

"Wow, you only have one Masters degree?"

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Characterized by melancholy; longing; yearning.

"He would have done anything to be able to go back to his childhood days for even just a day."

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Affording comfort or solace.

"Everything will be okay."

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Of warlike character; aggressively hostile; bellicose

"We have no choice but to wage war if you don't follow our orders."

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Indicating or showing unbelief

"There's absolutely no way that she finished all that in under an hour."

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Hostile; unfriendly

"I don't like you because you're a bad person."

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Opposed in feeling, action, or character; not friendly, warm, or generous.

"Do I look like a maid? Get your own water."

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Characterized by restraint.

Feeling very angry but struggling to keep calm.

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Extremely bold or daring; recklessly brave; fearless

"The clerk, trembling at his own audacity, begged to be allowed to assist."

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Vigorous; energetic; vital

A person with a vibrant personality can light up a whole room filled with gloomy people.

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Providing no hope; beyond optimism or hope; desperate.

"I'm never going to be able to pass this test."

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Bearing provocation, annoyance, misfortune, delay, hardship, pain, etc., with fortitude and calm and without complaint, anger, or the like.

"I understand you're under great pressure, so feel free to take your time." 

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Quick and active; lively

"She walked briskly against the cold wind."

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

sorry; regretful

"I'm so sorry. I didn't mean to make you late for your exam."

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Implying or suggesting a mystery.

"She smiled mysteriously at him before she walked away and disappeared into the night."

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

firm, strict, or uncompromising.

"You're grounded for the whole year. No questions asked."

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message

Characterized by humor; funny; comical

"Have no fear of perfection--you'll never reach it."

To convey a tone that relates to the author's purpose/message