Position: 

Funds for Animals

Position:

American Humane Society

Position:

Friends of Animals

Position:

Friends of Animals

Position:

Friends of the Earth

Position:

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals

(PETA)

Position:

Sierra Club

Pro Wildlife

(concerned about environment)

(hunting/anti-hunting may not be an issue)

Position:

The Wilderness Society

Position:

Audubon Society

Position:

Defenders of Wildlife

Position:

Nat'l Wildlife Federation

Position:

Safari Club

Position:

Wildlife Management Institution

Position:

The Wildlife Society

Position:

National Rifle Association

Position:

Ducks Unlimited

Definition:

trying to avoid, reduce, or compensate for an impact

Define:

Mitigation

(type of Mitigation)

Definition:

not do impact in the first place or reroute to less sensitive areas

Define:

Avoidance

(type of Mitigation)

Definition:

though one species may be impacted, develop a plan to benefit a rare species.

Define:

Trade-Off

(type of Mitigation)

Definition:

develop plans to lessen impact

Define:

Reduce Impact / Minimize Disturbances

(type of Mitigation)

Definition:

develop suitable habitat in another place or restore land after operation is done

Define:

Reclamation

Definition:

one of the four factors of controlling the population

Define:

Competition

Define:

Interspecific Competitioin

Definition:

competition between species

Define:

Intraspecific Competition

Definition:

competition within the species

Definition:

what happens when 2 species are similar

Define:

Competitive Exclusion

1. One species will drive the other to extinction.

2. They will coexist via Ecological Isolating Mechanism a.k.a. a Niche

Definition:

2 Species will differ in some way and competition is reduced so they can survive.

Define: 

Spatial Isolation

Definition:

type of Ecological Isolating Mechanism

Define:

Temporal

Definition:

type of Ecological Isolating Mechanism

Define:

Using Resources Differently

Definition:

type of Ecological Isolating Mechanism

Define:

Allopatry

Definition:

(type of Ecological Isolating Mechanism)

(Spatial Isolation)

species live in different parts of the world

Define:

Habitat Isolation

Definition:

(type of Ecological Isolating Mechanism)

(Spatial Isolation)

species live in the same area but use different habitats in the area

Define:

Diurnal

Definition:

(type of Ecological Isolating Mechanism)

(Temporal)

species going after the same food at different times

Define:

Seasonal

Definition:

(type of Ecological Isolating Mechanism)

(Temporal)

species come at different seasons

Define:

Character Displacement

Definition:

(type of Ecological Isolating Mechanism)

(Using Resources Differently)

different physical shape, so they will use the environment differently

Define:

Physiological

Define:

Behavioral

Definition:

Pushes up the Population

(Wildlife Population)

Define:

Biotic Potential

Definition:

(Wildlife Population)

Lowers the Population

Define:

Environmental Resistance

Define:

Exponential Growth

(Wildlife Population)

Definition:

number of births and death remain at a constant rate

define:

Logistic Growth

(Wildlife Population)

Definition:

initial exponential growth and then slower growth and then stop of growth; S shaped graph

Definition:

rapid increase of Population, have high reproduction and doesn't live very long.

Birth rate - Death rate

Define:

r - strategist

Definition:

the Growth slows down, reproduces at a slower rate, however, life longer.

Define:

K - strategist

Definition:

as Population Increases, death rate Increase and/or birthrate decreases and vice versa.

(doesn't have to happen at the same time)

Define:

Density Dependant

Definition:

birth rate and/or death rate are NOT functions of number/unit area

Define:

Density Independant

Definition:
looking at statistical aspects of growth

Define:

Demography

1. birth minus death rate

2. age structure

3. sex structure (female will determine the population)

4. age at first reproduction

5. fertility rates

Stable

Cyclic

Irruptive

Define:

Stable Cycle

Definition:

population is all the same

Define:

Cyclic Cycle

Definition:

at regular intervals, population goes up and down

Define:

Irruptive Cycle

Definition:

there is no reason, but the population peaks irregularly

Competition

Behavior

Stress

Predation

Define:

Territorial Behavior

Definition:

those species who get the territory can survive and reproduce

Define:

Dominance Behavior

Definition:

dominance among the female population thus helping control population size

Territory

Dominance

Define:

General Adaptation Syndrome

Definition:

when an animal is constantly under stress

Physical sapping of energy (more susceptible to disease).

Failure to behave properly (loss of protective behavior, improper care of young, improper mating).

Reproductive system shuts down (failure sperm/egg production, embryos are reabsorbed).

Define:

Predation

Definition:

where a member of one species kill a member of another with a primary intent of feeding.

Definition:

as prey population goes up, predator eats more of it

Define:

Functional Response

(Predator/Prey Relationship)

Definition:

as prey population goes up, predator population goes up

Define:

Numerical Response

(Predator/Prey Relationships)

Naturalistic

Meat

Recreationalist

Hazards of hunting

Anti-Hunters are vigorous and biased in opposition.

Anthropomorphic

Moralistic

Hyperbolic

Definition:

(one of the characteristics of anti-hunters)

nature is idyllic and animals do not suffer except by cruel and inept hunters.

focuses more on the individual animal rather than the species.

Define:

Anthropomorphic

Definition:

(one of the characteristics of anti-hunters)

concerned with the "uncivilized" behavior of hunters

Define:

Moralistic

Definition:

(one of the characteristics of anti-hunters)

feels hunters upset natural balance connecting hunting to causing species extinction

Define:

Hyperbolic

Urban, Little Contact with Nature Regularily

Anti-Hunters

and

Hunters

Members of Ecological Societies

i.e. Audubon and Sierra Club

Hunting Licenses

Taxes

(Pittman-Robertson Act and Dingall-Johnson Act)

Special Donations

(little if any from general taxes)

Define:

Pittman-Robertson Act

Definition:

(one of two taxes funding wildlife)

hunting arms and ammunition is taxed

can only used on wildlife stuff

Define:

Dingell-Johnson Act

Definition:

(one of two taxes funding wildlife)

taxes fishing gear 

Air Pollution

Water Pollution

Thermal Pollution

Heavy Metal

Stress and Noise

Channelization?

Definition:

pollution that will damage lungs and cover vegetation which may then be eaten

Define:

Air Pollution

Common Airborne Particles

(5 listed)

Arsenic

Fluoride

Lead

Molybdenum

Phosphorous

Define:

Acid Rain

Definition:

from burning fossil fuels.

SO2 + NOx released into the atmosphere forming H2SO4 and H2NO2, aluminum going into lakes and coating fish gills, takes nutrients from soils and kills trees.

interferes with calcium egg deposition in birds.

Definition:

pollutant that is caused by waste, usually sewage and chemical by-products, dumped into waterways.

Define:

Water Pollutant

Define:

Primary or Point Pollution

Definition:

pollution from a distinct source thus making it easier to address.

i.e. car or power plant

Define:

Secondary or Non-Point Pollution

Definition:

pollution not from a distinct source thus making it harder to address

i.e. fertilizer from farms or urban lawn chemical use

Definition:

pollution from power plants that usually effect aquatic life

Define:

Thermal Pollution

Definition:

elements that cannot easily be gotten rid of.

stored in animal fat that is usually released under stress.

Define:

Heavy Metals

Mercury

Lead

Selenium

Definition:

accumulates in fish and restricts human consumption.

causes neurological diseases.

Define:

Mercury

Definition:

used in paint, gasoline and many other sources.

causes kidney/blood poisoning and other neurological disorders.

in primitive bullets.

Define:

Lead

Definition:

from industrial products and farm runoff.

minute amounts needed for Vitamin E Metabolism.

Define:

Selenium

Define:

Compensation

Definition:

variable recruitment of young into adult population with variable death rates

DDT

TDE

DIELDRIN

ALDRIN

Definition:

pesticides being concentrated because of its accumulation from the food chain

Define:

Bioamplification or Biomagnification

Define:

Organic Phosphates

Definition:

pesticides poisonous to birds and mammals.

doesn't last long.

Define:

2-4D

Definition:

herbicide that kills plants.

used in early stages of replanting trees in forrests.

possible miscarriage in humans.

Define:

LC-50 and LD-50

Definition:

lethal concentration or lethal dosage at which 50% of test animals are killed

Define:

Sublethal Effect

Definition:

alters genes thus causing adverse mutations passed on to the young.

alters behavior so learning is impaired.

Definition:

natural control methods

Define:

Biological Control

Define:

Integrated Pest Management

Definition:

frequently used

incorporates control with judicious application of pesticides

more effort, but less expensive and less poisoning

Define:

Eutrophication

Definition:

over-fertilization due to sewage and fertilizer runoff

algae blooms are affected

Define:

Channelization

Definition:

artificial stream-beds destroying riparian habitats

channels are riprapped

Define:

Impacts

Definition:

some change that causes some disturbance to the well being of a population

usually in reference to man's activities

may be negative to one species but be beneficial to another

Define:

National Environmental Policy Act

(NEPA)

Definition:

wildlife need to be evaluated in federal projects

states may have own laws

private project can be influenced by federal funding procedures.

Define:

Transmission Line Corridors

Definition:

vegetation cleared beneath power lines to protect them from possible fires

if manicured, not desirable

broadcast spraying using herbicides eliminate diversity

creates edge and hence diversity

if mechanical control: better mix of food and cover plants and hence better diversity

interactions are not random

(predators have a tough time getting prey, most of the time unsuccessful)

what controls predators?

(often seems prey control predator, often both operate independent of each other)

most often no cycle, both are stable 

Lead: bullets fragment within impact thus causing meat to be more contaminated with lead. the lead meat is thrown and consumed by condors and they get sick and die

shot (shatter) v. bullet (straight through)

Lead is very dense making a great shot

Steel is very hard and will scour barrel

Lead shot is ingested by both animals. 

Lead shot is sometime in the water from hunting waterfowl and other waterfowl ingest it thinking it is little rocks. 

Condors ingest bullet fragment in gut piles from deer kill.

Both die due to poisoning.

County Overrides

Seasons too Early in CA

Decrease in Deer Numbers due to Overgrazing

Buck Only Season

if Predator population is Relatively High to Prey Population.

if method to avoid predation by Prey is Disrupted.

(i.e. Refugium is disrupted)

from "Wanted, More Hunters"

what is the problem and where

overpopulation of deer due to loss of predators and the prohibiting of hunting.

mentioned crane estate 30 mi. north of Boston, but a problem everywhere in the U.S.

Friend of Animals is a major opponent - demands immunocontraception.

White Buffalo is a contributor - sees hunting as a neccessity.

from "Maine's War on Coyotes"

methods to kill coyotes and its humaness

snares

apparently they are not humane because they do not kill the coyotes instantaneously. jellyhead shows this clearly.

they are often beat if they don't die initially.

some say it take 2 to 3 days for one to die.

from "Maine's War on Coyotes"

what effects do killing coyotes have on their reproduction?

killing coyotes only stimulate reproduction.

in order to lower population, you need to kill of 70% of the population, but only 4% is killed

from "Maine's War on Coyotes"

what happens to rate of deer killed when the territorial alpha male is removed?

from "Maine's War on Coyotes"

education and advice by wildlife biologist regarded by politicians and "Sportsman Alliance"

negative

they will not change.

from "Maine's War on Coyotes"

"no lynx snared by this program"

endangered species.

if caught that the snare catch more than the coyotes, it might be a dangerous accusation. therefore they keep everything in the hush hush - especially if there is a lynx in a snare.

this is a big possibility because a lot of animals pass through the area.