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| title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. The term has means "disciple, learner" or "instruction". |
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| an area in the Himalayas, claimed by both India and Pakistan |
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| was a great Indian nationalist leader who worked for independence and social reform. He became first prime minister of independent India, a position he retained until his death. He initiated India's nonalignment policy in foreign affairs. |
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| outcasts or members of India's lowest caste |
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| Prime Minister of India from 1966 to 1977 and 1980 to 1984. Her leadership proved to the world that women could hold powerful positions |
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| state in northwestern India with a largely Sikh population |
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| The Sikh religion's holiest shrine |
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| In 1971, Bengalis declared independance for East Pakistan under this name |
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| political and diplomatic independence from both Cold War powers |
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| Best Known As: Leader of the democratic movement in Myanmar (Burma) |
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| was the first president of Indonesia, a nationalist leader, and a demagogue |
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| second president after Indonesia's independence, he was a strong anti-Communist who drew Indonesia closer to the West and presided during a period of economic improvement in the country |
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| a former Portuguese colony, seized by Indonesia, that gained independence in 2002 |
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| Philippine president began his career in politics with the murder of Julio Nalundasan in 1935, and ended it with the murder of Benigno Aquino, Jr., in 1983. Some believe his entire life was based on fraud, deceit, and plunder, and his two decades as president have come to epitomize the worst excesses of autocratic rule. |
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| Philippine; who was a leading opponent of the rule of President Ferdinand Marcos. His opposition ended in August 1983 when, after living in exile in the United States for three years, he returned to Manila and was gunned down at the airport. His death precipitated massive demonstrations against President Marcos. |
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| Philippine; President (1986 – 92) The daughter of a wealthy sugar baron, she married Benigno Aquino in 1956. |
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| grassy plain with irregular patterns of rainfall |
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| was the first president of Ghana. Though he affected Ghana's independence and for a decade was Africa's foremost spokesman, his vainglory and dictatorial methods brought about his downfall in 1966, with him a discredited and tragic figure in African nationalism. |
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| was a Kenyan statesman and the dominant figure in the development of African nationalism in East Africa. His long career in public life made him the undisputed leader of the African people of Kenya in their struggle for independence. |
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| forcible overthrow of the government |
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| was the second president of the Congo (at one time called Zaire, now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo), taking office in late 1965. |
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| make sure or certain, guarantee |
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| a person who wants government policies to be based on the teachings of Islam |
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| a province of Democratic Republic of the Congo with rich copper and diamond deposits that tried to gain independence from Congo in 1960 |
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| region of Nigeria that launched a failed bid for independence from Nigeria in 1966, launching a bloody war. |
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| acollective farm in Israel |
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| having to do with worldly rather than religious matters |
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| teachings, principles, or beliefs |
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| headscarves and loose-fitting, ankle-length garments meant to conceal the body |
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| a canal linking the Red Sea and Indian Ocean |
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| was an Egyptian political leader and hero of much of the Arab world. His devotion to Arab unity and a strongly anti-imperialist ideology came to be called "Nasserism." |
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| was Egypt's president from 1970 until his assassination. He launched a surprise attack on Israel in 1973, then became the first Arab leader to sign a peace treaty with Israel. He shifted from Soviet to American patronage and relaxed Egypt's internal economic and political system. |
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| Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi |
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| Shah of Iran with American backing from mid '40's ousted Mossaddeq and returned to power until the 1970's stabilizing the oil industry |
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| Iran Nationalist Prime Minister from 1951 to 1953 |
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| "Ayatollah" was an Iranian religious leader and scholar, politician, and leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the late Shah of Iran. Following the revolution and a national referendum, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader—a position created in the constitution as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation, until his death. |
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| government run by religious leaders |
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