Name the reasons that a syllable may be long:

1. Long by nature (because of the length of the syllable's vowel).

2. Long by position (because of the syllable structure).

When is a syllable long by nature?

When it contains a long vowel or a dipthong.

ā ē ī ō ū

When is a syllable long by position?

When it contains a short vowel followed by two or more independent consonants, or by the double consonant x.

ā ē ī ō ū

List the dipthongs.

ae (aisle), au (house), ei (deign), eu (no English equivalent; rare), oe (oil), ui (gooey; only in huius, cuius, huic, cui, hui)

ā ē ī ō ū

What are the rules for word stress?

1. On the penultimate syllable in two-syllable words.

2. On the penultimate syllable if the syllable is long.

3. Otherwise on the antepenultimate syllable

How can a vowel affect the length of an immediately preceding vowel?

Long vowels that appear before another vowel are usually shortened:

moneō not *monēō

ā ē ī ō ū

What end-of-the-word phenomena affect the length of the ultimate syllable?

 A long vowel appearing before a final -m, -r, or -t is shortened.

laudat not *laudāt

ā ē ī ō ū

What end-of-syllable consonant clusters, regardless of position within a word, affect vowel length?

A vowel appearing before either -nt or -nd within a syllable is shortened.

laudant not *laudānt

ā ē ī ō ū

What combinations of consonants function as a single consonant for syllabification purposes?

1. A stop (p,b,t,d,c,g) plus a liquid (l,r).

2. The inspearable combination qu.

3. The aspirates ch, ph, and th.

ā ē ī ō ū