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| The science that studies behavior and mental processes |
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| A formulation of relationships underlying observed events |
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| Research conducted without concern for immediate applications |
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| Research conducted in an effort to find solutions to particular problems |
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| Deliberate looking into one’s own cognitive processes to examine one’s thoughts and feelings |
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| The school of psychology that argues that the mind consists of three basic elements- sensations, feelings, and images- that combine to form experience |
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| The school of psychology that emphasizes the uses or functions of the mind rather than the elements of experience |
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| The school of psychology that defines psychology as the study of observable behavior and studies relationships between stimuli and responses |
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| A stimulus that follows a response and increases the frequency of the response |
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| The school of psychology that emphasizes the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns |
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| In Gestalt psychology, the sudden reorganization of perceptions, allowing the sudden solution of a problem |
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| The school of psychology that emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as determinants of human behavior |
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| Referring to Freud’s theory, which proposes that the motion of underlying forces of personality determines our thoughts, feelings, and behavior |
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| The basic building blocks of heredity |
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| An inborn pattern of behavior that is triggered by a particular stimulus |
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| Having to do with mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving |
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| The philosophy and school of psychology that asserts that people are conscious, self-aware, and capable of free choice, self-fulfillment, and ethical behavior |
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| The view that people are free and responsible for their own behavior |
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| A school of psychology in the behaviorist tradition that includes cognitive factors in the explanation and prediction of behavior; formerly termed social learning theory |
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| The use of mental processes to perceive and mentally represent the world, think, and engage in problem solving and decision making |
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| Sociocultural perspective |
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| The view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in behavior and mental processes |
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| A group characterized by common features such as cultural heritage, history, race, and language |
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| The culturally defined concepts of masculinity and femininity |
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| A mathematical method of determining whether one variable increases or decreases as another variable increases or decreases; for example, there is a correlation between intelligence test scores and grades in school |
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| In psychology, a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is tested through research |
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| An association or relationship among variables, as we might find between height and weight or between study habits and school grades |
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| A source of bias that may occur in research findings when subjects are allowed to choose for themselves a certain treatment in a scientific study |
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| To extend from the particular to the general; to apply observations based on a sample to a population |
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| A complete group of organisms or events |
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| A sample drawn so that each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate |
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| A sample drawn so that identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample |
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| A source of bias or error in research reflecting the prospect that people who offer to participate in studies differ systematically from people who do not |
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| A carefully drawn biography that may be obtained through interviews, questionnaires, and psychological tests |
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| A method of scientific investigation in which a large sample of people answer questions about their attitudes or behavior |
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| A scientific method in which organisms are aboserved in their natural environments |
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| A number between +1.00 and -1.00 that expresses the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables |
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| A relationship between variables in which one variable increases as the other also increases |
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| A relationship between variables in which one variable increases as the other decreases |
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| A scientific method that seeks to confirm cause-and-effect relationships by introducing independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables |
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| In experiments, a condition received by subjects so that its effects may be observed |
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| A condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effects may be observed |
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| A measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable |
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| In experiments, groups whose members obtain the treatment |
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| In experiments, groups whose members do not obtain the treatment, while other conditions are held constant |
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| A bogus treatment that has the appearance of being genuine |
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| In experimental terminology, unaware of whether or not one has received a treatment |
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| A study in which neither the subjects nor the observers know who has received the treatment |
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| Moral; referring to one’s system of deriving standards for determining what is moral |
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| A subject’s agreement to participate in research after receiving information about the purposes of the study and the nature of the treatments |
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| To elicit information about a completed procedure |
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