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| Constitutional amendment that gave women the right to vote. Related reading: DuBois: Woman Suffrage around the World |
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| National Woman's Party; more radical suffrage organization, used civil disobedience and hunger strikes, sought constitutional amendment to gain suffrage Related reading: DuBois: Woman Suffrage around the World. |
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| National American Woman Suffrage Association; Relatively conservative suffrage organization that sought to win women's suffrage with state by state reform. Related reading: DuBois: Woman Suffrage around the World. |
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| Order that drew exclusion zones that targeted Japanese and Korean Americans; resulted in forced migration, or internment. Related readings: Executive Order 9066, Okubo: Citizen 13660 |
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| Red Scare activity of accusing influential and innocent people of Communist subversion; led by Sen. Joseph McCarthy and HUAC; often targeted Jews and homosexual. Related reading: Berube: Marching to a Different Drummer. |
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| House Un-American Activities Committee; held hearings of individuals often unfairly accused of Communist subversion. Related reading: Berube: Marching to a Different Drummer. |
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| Belief that some minorities/immigrant populations are more high-achieving and capable of assimilating to white culture. Related reading: Lee: The Cold War Origins of the Model Minority Myth |
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| Group of drag queens, trans women, gay men, and LGBT people of color violently resist arrest by police in NYC. The city erupts into 3 days of rioting. Related reading: Berube: Marching to a Different Drummer |
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| Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas |
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| Supreme Court decision overturned Plessy, declared that segregation in public schools violated the 14th Amendment. Overturned "separate but equal" with a unanimous 9-0 vote. |
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| Extended the argument of Brown by ending segregation in public facilities, unequal voting requirements, and job discrimination based on race or gender. Effectively ended Jim Crow in the South. |
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| Loving v. Commonwealth of Virginia |
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| Unanimous vote by Supreme Court finds Virginia’s Racial Integrity Law unconstitutional, overturns Pace v. Alabama, which upheld anti-miscegenation laws, and ends marriage bans in 16 remaining states. |
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| Civil rights organization that supported black nationalism, communist ideals, and aggressive self-defense, as well as gay rights. Related reading: Ten Point Plan |
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School of thought that claims that African-Americans should have their own country and government in Africa, separate from whites/Europeans. Modeled on the successes of the Haitian Revolution and Israel, as well as newly liberated African nations after WWII.
Opposes multiculturalism and the liberal, governmental approach of the Civil Rights movement.
Seeks black segregation from whites, total self-governance, and armed self-defense from white violence. Related reading: Ten Point Plan |
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| Native American group that sought to address poverty, unemployment, poor housing, treaty issues, and police harassment of Native Americans. Focused on direct action; hoped to build communal identity for natives. Related reading: The Liberation of Alcatraz Island |
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| Feminists active from roughly 1960-1980; Sought to raise awareness of the politicized nature of personal life (“the personal is political”), pointing out that discrimination and inequality are not only the products of law; fragmented on many issues due to belief that “womanhood” connected all women’s experiences--that all women experienced gender in the same ways and could organize around these experiences, which created problems of racism, classism, and heteronormativity. Related reading: Evans: Southern White Women in a Southern Black Movement |
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Extends argument of Second Wave to claim that sexism, racism, and class oppression are interconnected.
Often includes a socialist critique of the class system.
Based on experience of black women as undergoing each of these forces in combination. Related reading: Combahee River Collective: A Black Feminist Statement |
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| California ballot initiative that erased the state-created civil right of same-sex couples to marry. Related readings: Brandzel: Queering Citizenship; Resist the Gay Marriage Agenda |
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| 3 gay couples petitioned the CA State Supreme Court to overturn Prop 8; claimed that majority can not be used to limit constitutional rights of a minority; court upheld prop 8 as a “limited exception to the state equal protection clause.” Related reading: Queering Citizenship, Brandzel |
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| Perry v. Schwarzenegger (Brown) |
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Federal lawsuit filed in the Northern CA district court challenging the federal constitutionality of Prop 8.
Judge Vaughn Walker ruled that Prop 8 violates the equal protection and due process clauses of the 14th Amendment. Decision was indefinitely stayed pending appeal to the Ninth Circuit.
The case will go before the federal Supreme Court this coming year. Related reading: Brandzel: Queering Citizenship |
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Federal law signed by Congress and Bill Clinton (1996) prohibited the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriage.
Federal government will not recognize gay marriages legalized at the state level (no federal rights granted).
States are not required to recognize gay marriages performed in other states. Related reading: Brandzel: Queering Citizenship |
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| Employment Non-Discrimination Act; Proposed federal bill that would limit employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. Related reading: Spade, Fighting to Win |
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| The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Act |
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Act of Congress signed into law by Pres. Obama on Oct. 22, 2009.
Expands the1969 United States Federal Hate Crime Law to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.
Removes requirement that victim must be engaged in a federally protected activity (e.g. voting).
Requires FBI to track hate crimes against trans people (other types already tracked).
First piece of federal U.S. legislation to extend legal protections to trans people. Related reading: Spade, Fighting to Win |
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“Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001”
Proposed as a response to the attacks of 9/11.
Worked to define the new parameters of the “war on terror.” Dramatically expanded the federal government’s security forces and their power to surveil, arrest, and detain those suspected of aiding or cooperating with organizations it labels “terrorist.”
Significantly affected the Constitutional protections of U.S. citizens, U.S. immigrants and non-citizens, as well as foreign soldiers and governments. Related reading: Interested Persons Memo |
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Legislation by Jesse Helms, who was opposed to federal funding of AIDS research and treatment. Helms Amendment to the Supplemental Appropriations Act added HIV to the list of excludable diseases preventing travel to the US.
Immigrants and travelers would be compulsorily tested.
Aliens who tested positive would be denied asylum.
Senate approved policies of containment, rather than of treatment and prevention.
Opposed by the US Public Health Service. Lifted by Obama in 2009. Related reading: Brier: The Immigrant Infection |
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