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| migration of people from rural to urban settings generally to access jobs, which primarily coincidences with industrial development in a nation |
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| infrastructure, vehicles, and processes that move people, goods, and services from one location to another. |
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| transportation systems in which trains run on fixed tracks to move people and goods over long or short distances. |
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| Interstate highway systems |
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| Interstates are designed to allow traffic to flow without interruption by traffic lights, intersections, or pedestrian crossings. |
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| Water is crucial to the survival of plants and animals, and it is also essential to human survival and development. Humans must ration and ensure water supply is plentiful to ensure sustained life on Earth. |
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| core areas of large cities, often characterized by older infrastructure, higher population density, and distinct socio-economic challenges. |
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| residential areas or communities located on the outskirts of major cities or large towns. These areas are typically characterized by lower population density, single-family homes, and more green space compared to urban centers. |
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| outside cities and towns, characterized by low population density, open spaces, and predominantly agricultural or natural landscapes, defined by their distance from urban centers and the prevalence of farming, forestry, or other land-based economic activities. |
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| social, economic, political, or environmental conditions that drive individuals or groups to leave their current location, often in search of better opportunities or living conditions elsewhere. |
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| attractive characteristics or conditions of a destination that draw individuals or groups to move there. |
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| the process of increasing economic and social integration between countries, and the growing interdependence of the world's cultures, economies, and populations |
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| involuntary movement of people from their home or country due to various factors that threaten their safety, well-being, or livelihood. |
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| system of hierarchical organization in society that categorizes individuals and groups based on various factors, including their economic status, occupation, education, and social prestige. |
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| social, cultural, and psychological attributes, roles, and behaviors that societies consider appropriate for individuals based on their perceived or assigned sex (male or female). |
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| region's population exceeds its capacity to sustain that population with available resources, leading to various social, economic, and environmental challenges. |
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| situation where individuals, families, or communities experience significant difficulties in meeting their basic economic needs, such as food, shelter, healthcare, and education. |
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| potential for individuals and communities to improve their economic status through access to resources, education, employment, and entrepreneurial ventures. |
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| conflicts, tensions, or unrest within a political system or among different political groups. |
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| increase in the number of individuals in a population over a specific period, typically measured as a percentage increase per year. |
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| application of scientific knowledge, tools, techniques, and processes to solve problems, enhance efficiency, and improve the quality of life. |
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| defined area characterized by certain shared features, which can be physical, cultural, economic, or political. |
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| long-term average of weather conditions in a particular area over an extended period, typically 30 years or more. |
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| plant life or plant communities found in a specific area. It encompasses all forms of plant life, including trees, shrubs, grasses, and other flora. |
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| system of communication that uses symbols—such as spoken, written, or signed words—to convey ideas, emotions, and information. |
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| defined area or entity that is organized for political purposes. This term encompasses a variety of structures and forms of governance that can be distinguished by their legal, administrative, or political characteristics. |
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| complex and multifaceted system of beliefs, practices, and values that often involves the worship of a higher power or divine being. |
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| geographic areas that have been shaped by human activity and reflect the interactions between people and their environment. |
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| behaviors, beliefs, values, and practices that are shared among members of a particular group or society. |
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| process of creating and implementing new ideas, products, services, or methods that improve upon existing solutions or introduce entirely new concepts. |
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| process through which ideas, innovations, technologies, and cultural practices spread from one individual or group to another. |
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| one of the oldest and most complex religions in the world, originating in the Indian subcontinent over 4,000 years ago. Unlike many other religions, Hinduism has no single founder, central authority, or unified scripture, making it a diverse and evolving set of beliefs, practices, and philosophies. |
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| type of map that displays the spatial distribution of a specific theme or data set for a geographic area |
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| monotheistic religion based on the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, who is believed by Christians to be the Son of God and the Savior of humanity. |
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| monotheistic religion that teaches belief in one God (Allah) and follows the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad. Muslims practice through five pillars: faith, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage, all aimed at living a moral life and worshiping God. |
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| monotheistic religion that began about 4,000 years ago, centered on the belief in one God and a special covenant with the Jewish people. Key teachings come from the Torah, which guides Jewish laws, morals, and practices. Jewish life includes prayer, observing the Sabbath, following dietary laws, and celebrating festivals like Passover and Yom Kippur. It emphasizes community, tradition, and a commitment to justice. |
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| teaches belief in one God (Waheguru) and follows the ten Gurus, with the Guru Granth Sahib as the holy book. Sikhs value equality, selfless service, and the Five Ks, striving for moral living and liberation (mukti) through devotion and good deeds. |
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| examines how things are spread out or clustered in a given area, which can be geographic, environmental, or even conceptual. |
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| guide that explains the symbols, colors, and icons used on a map. It helps readers understand what each symbol represents, such as roads, rivers, boundaries, parks, and other features. |
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| spiritual and philosophical tradition founded by Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, in the 5th to 4th century BCE in ancient India. It is one of the major world religions and focuses on the teachings and practices aimed at understanding the nature of suffering, achieving enlightenment, and attaining a state of inner peace known as Nirvana. |
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| shared values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, arts, institutions, and social norms that characterize a group or society. |
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| process by which different cultures become more alike over time due to increased interaction, communication, and shared experiences. This often occurs when societies come into close contact through trade, travel, globalization, technology, or media. |
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| process by which a culture or society becomes increasingly distinct or different from other cultures. This divergence can occur due to various factors, such as geographic separation, language differences, religious beliefs, political boundaries, and intentional efforts to preserve unique traditions and resist outside influences. |
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| man-made waterways created to allow the passage of boats, ships, or irrigation water from one place to another. Canals can serve various purposes, such as transportation, irrigation, drainage, and connecting bodies of water. |
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| process of removing sediment, debris, and other materials from the bottom of bodies of water, such as rivers, lakes, harbors, and canals, to deepen and maintain the waterway. This process is essential for ensuring that these waterways remain navigable for boats and ships, as sediment build-up over time can restrict water flow and reduce water depth. |
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| radiant light and heat emitted by the Sun, which can be harnessed using various technologies to generate electricity, provide heating, and power devices. |
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| refers to a series of research, development, and technological advancements in agriculture that significantly increased food production worldwide, particularly in developing countries, during the mid-20th century (1940s–1960s). It was aimed at addressing hunger and improving food security. |
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| large-scale removal or clearing of forests, often to make way for agricultural, industrial, or urban development. It is a significant environmental issue as it leads to the loss of biodiversity, disruption of ecosystems, and contributes to climate change. |
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| introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into the natural environment, which causes adverse effects on the ecosystem, human health, and the planet as a whole. Pollution can occur in various forms—air, water, soil, noise, and light—and is primarily the result of human activities. |
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| process of removing salts and minerals (mainly sodium chloride) from seawater or brackish water to make it suitable for human consumption, irrigation, and industrial use. It is a crucial technology for providing fresh water in areas that face water scarcity, particularly in coastal regions where fresh water is not readily available. |
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| Global Positioning System (GPS) |
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| satellite-based navigation system that allows users to determine their precise location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) anywhere on Earth. It consists of a network of satellites that transmit signals to GPS receivers on the ground, enabling accurate location tracking. |
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| Geographic Information Systems (GIS) |
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| framework for gathering, managing, analyzing, and visualizing geographic data. It integrates spatial data (location information) with attribute data (descriptive details about the location) to enable informed decision-making and problem-solving in various fields. |
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process of treating air to control its temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and circulation within a space to improve comfort or meet specific environmental requirements.
The founder of modern air conditioning is Willis Haviland Carrier. He invented the first mechanical air conditioning system in 1902. |
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