Term
Why is it necessary for RBs to reorganize into EBs before they are released from the host cell? |
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Definition
EBs are the extracellular form; RBs will not survive outside the host cell |
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Term
How do we culture for Chlamydia trachomatis? |
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Definition
Centrifugation enhances endocytosis into monolayer of cells, usually mouse fibroblasts (McCoy cells) then incubate 48-72 hrs at 35*C |
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Term
What is the life cycle of the genus Chlamydia? |
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Definition
1) Within 8 hrs of endocytosis, EB converts to RB 2) RB reproduces by binary fission 3) 18-24 hrs, RB reorganize to EB 4) Cycle complete 24-40 hrs after endocytosis |
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Term
What species of Chlamydia is zoonosis that causes cold or flu like upper respiratory illness? |
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Definition
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Term
What species of Chlamydia causes diseases of the eye and most frequent STD? |
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Definition
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Term
What species of Chlamydia is an etiologic agent of walking pneumonia and brochitis? |
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Definition
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Term
What are 3 specimen sources for laboratory testing for Chlamydia? |
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Definition
1. Ocular and genital tract 2. Bubo pus (LGV) 3. Sputum and throat washings |
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Term
What are 4 detection methods for Chlamydia? |
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Definition
1. Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FA) 2. Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) 3. Nucleic Acid Amplification 4. Nucleic Acid Probes |
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Term
What is the purpose of darkfield microscopy? |
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Definition
To permit observation of live, moving spirochetes that are unstained |
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Term
What are some of the general characteristics of the Genus Borrelia? |
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Definition
1. Loosely coiled spirochete 2. Gram-negative type cell wall 3. Wright's or Giemsa stain 4. Not easily or reliably cultured |
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Term
What does Borrelia recurrentis cause and how is it transmitted? |
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Definition
Causes epidemic louse-borne relapsing fever in humans, transmitted by lice from a smashed or scratched contaminate into the bite site |
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Term
What does Borrelia spp. causes and how is it transmitted? |
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Definition
Causes endemic tick-borne relapsing fever in humans transmitted by various species of soft-shelled ticks of the Genus Ornithodoros |
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Term
Describe the lesion that is seen in the initial phase of Lyme disease. |
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Definition
Skin lesion is called erythema chronicum migrans, a flat reddened area near the bite site that slowly expands with central clearing |
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Term
What are some of the general characteristics of the genus Leptospira? |
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Definition
1. Tightly coiled, thin, flexible spirochete 2. Resembles a "Shepherd's hook" 3. Gram-negative type of cell wall 4. Cultivated in protein-rich, semi-solid media (below surface of medium) 5. Primarily associated with occupational exposure |
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Term
Briefly describe the epidemiology for leptospirosis. |
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Definition
Organism carried by rodents in their urine, spread by direct exposure to infected animal urine or contaminated soil or water |
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Term
Briefly describe the mode of infection for leptospirosis. |
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Definition
Ingestion of contaminated water or food or through mucous membranes of the eye, mouth, genitals, or through abraded skin |
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Term
How can Leptospira biflexa be differentiated from other Leptospira spp? |
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Definition
Leptospira biflexa's ability to grow at 13*C |
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Term
What are some of the general characteristics of the Genus Treponema? |
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Definition
1. Moderately tightly coiled 2. Gram-negative type cell 3. Not culturable on laboratory media |
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Term
Give a brief description of the medical importance and epidemiology of Treponema pertenue. |
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Definition
Medical importance - infectious tropical skin disease Epidemiology - non-venereal disease transmitted by direct contact |
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Term
Give a brief description of the medical importance and epidemiology of Treponema carateum. |
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Definition
Medical importance - contagious skin disease prevalent in tropical America Epidemiology - non-venereal infection transmitted by direct contact |
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Term
What are the modes of infection for syphilis? |
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Definition
Acquired - contact with chancre or lesion Congenital - infant is born with the disease (can cross the placenta) |
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Term
What are the clinical features for the primary stage of syphilus? |
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Definition
1. Chancre (usually heals spontaneously) 2. Enlarged lymph glands |
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Term
What is the method of diagnosis of syphilis during the primary stage? |
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Definition
1. Darkfield microscopic examination 2. Serological test (about 80% of untreated cases) |
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Term
What are the clinical features for the secondary stage of syphilis? |
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Definition
1. Secondary mucocutaneous rash 2. Fever 3. Malaise (feeling ill) 4. Alopecia (hair falls out) |
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Term
What are the methods of diagnosis during the secondary stage of syphilis? |
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Definition
1. Clinical features 2. Examination of rash scrapings 3. Serological tests |
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Term
What are the clinical features for the latent stage of syphilis? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the methods of diagnosis during the latent stage of syphilis? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the clinical significance of syphilis testing? |
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Definition
1. Control of venereal disease 2. Prevention or detection of congenital syphilis 3. Routine screening 4. Treatment will reduce non-treponemal test titers |
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Term
What are the contents of the "antigen ampoule" of the RPR test and what purpose do they serve? |
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Definition
1. Cardiolipin-lecithin-cholesterol (CLC) complex (antigen) 2. Charcoal carbon particles (indicator) 3. Choline chloride (deactivation of complement that may interfere with test) |
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Term
What kind of needle is used to dispense the antigen in the RPR test and how many drops should it be calibrated to deliver? |
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Definition
Blunt 20-gauge needle calibrated to deliver 60 drops of antigen per mL |
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Term
The rotator should be calibrated to how many rpms for the RPR test? |
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Definition
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Term
How are both the specimen and antigen dispensed onto the 18 mm circle when performing the RPR test? |
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Definition
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Term
How long should the test card of an RPR test rotate? |
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Definition
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Term
True/False? The RPR test is a "non-specific" or "non-treponemal" test used to detect the presence of reagin in a patient's serum or plasma. |
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Definition
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Term
True/False? Results for the RPR test are reported as either positive or negative. |
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Definition
False. RPR test results are reported as either Reactive or Non-reactive |
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Term
True/False? The Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption Test (FTA-ABS) is a "specific" or "treponemal" test used to confirm a reactive RPR test. |
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Definition
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Term
What is the definition of "antigen"? |
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Definition
A "foreign" substance that induces an immune response and reacts with antibodies or T-cell receptors. |
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Term
What is Indirect FA used for? |
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Definition
To detect the presence of a specific antibody to serum following exposure to a microorganism. |
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Term
ELISA concept is similar to FA, but uses an ____________ instead of a fluorochrome. |
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Definition
enzyme utilizing substrate |
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Term
Give one example of a membrane-bound EIA. |
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Definition
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Term
True/False? Thermus aquaticus is heat labile. |
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Definition
False. Thermus aquaticus' Taq polymerase's optimal temperature is 72*C but can be stable at 94*C |
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Term
C-reactive protein is aptly named because it reacts with the C-polysaccharide of what bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
In antigen-antibody testing, a __________________ test results when a cloudy line of reacted material appears in the area of the agar where an optimal ratio of antigen to antibody exists. |
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Definition
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Term
The counter-immune electrophoresis, precipitin ring, and Ouchterlony diffusion tests are examples of antigen-antibody technology that use _____________________ reactions. |
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Definition
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Term
This test detects antibodies against relatively large cellular antigens. |
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Definition
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Term
This test detects antibodies against soluble antigens adsorbed onto large particles such as RBCs or latex beads. |
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Definition
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Term
These reactions are Antigen-Antibody reactions in which harmful effects of baterial toxins or a virus are blocked by specific antibodies found in the patient's serum. |
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Definition
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Term
These are fluorescent dyes that are attached to specific antibodies for detection. |
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Definition
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Term
Name 2 fluorochromes used to label antibody for fluorescent microscopy. |
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Definition
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Term
Name 2 fluorochromes that are not antibody related and explain how they produce the fluorescence needed for fluorescent microscopy. |
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Definition
1. Acridine orange - binds directly to nucleic acid 2. Calcofluor white - binds to the polysaccaride in the fungal cell wall |
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Term
In _________________ FA testing the antibody is supplied by the patient serum |
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Definition
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Term
In _________________ FA testing the antibody to the antigen is tagged with a fluorochrome. |
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Definition
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Term
In _________________ FA testing the fluorochrome is labeled to a specific antiserum. |
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Definition
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Term
What is the principle of the ELISA test? |
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Definition
An automated spectrophotometer reads the color change in the reaction which results from the enzyme utilizing substrate |
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Term
How is color developed in the ELISA test? |
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Definition
By the reaction which results from the enzyme utilizing substrate |
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Term
In direct ELISA testing, the microtiter plate suppplied by the test kit has the ___________ adsorbed to the wells. |
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Definition
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Term
In direct ELISA testing, the conjugate contains what two essential parts? |
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Definition
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Term
In indirect ELISA testing, the microtiter plate supplied by the test kit has the ___________________ adsorbed to the wells. |
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Definition
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Term
The first step in DNA replication is to temporarily ___________ the double strand forming two moving fork replication sites. |
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Definition
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Term
___________________ molecules move along each fork formed in the second step of DNA replication adding complimentary bases. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The process of disrupting the double helix to yield two molecules of single stranded DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
Lowering the temperature slowly allows the strands (of DNA) to reassociate into the double helix with the proper base pairing |
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Term
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Definition
Annealing two strands derived from different types of sources. |
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Term
The principle behind ______________ is to use known fragments of DNA to detect complimentary sequences of DNA in an unknown specimen. |
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Definition
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Term
What is the temperature used to denature? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the temperature used to anneal? |
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Definition
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|
Term
What is the temperature used to extend? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the template/target for the probes or primers related to polymerase chain reaction technology? |
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Definition
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Term
What reapeatedly heats and cools the sample in polymerase chain reaction technology? |
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Definition
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Term
What extends specific primers into a complementary strand of DNA in polymerase chain reaction technology? |
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Definition
Thermus aquaticus polymerase |
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Term
True/False? C-reactive protein is a non-specific antigen-like substance supplied by test kits that use latex agglutination testing to detect the presence of IgG immunoglobulins produced by the patient during an inflammatory response. |
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Definition
False. It detects C-Reactive Protein, an amino acid composition similar to that of IgG |
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Term
What are 3 general shapes of animal viruses? |
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Definition
1. Helical - rod-like 2. Icosahedral - ball-like 3. Complex |
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Term
Why are viruses considered to be "obligate intracellular parasites"? |
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Definition
Viruses replicate only in living cells and cannot replicate outside of a host cell. The host cell must provide the energy, synthetic machinery, precursors, enzymes, and ribosomes for the synthesis of viral protiens and nucleic acids |
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Term
What is the correct sequence of steps in the virus lytic replication cycle? |
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Definition
1. Attachment 2. Penetration and Uncoating 3. Eclipse or Synthesis Phase 4. Assembly/maturation 5. Release |
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Term
What is the correct sequence of steps in the virus lysogenic cycle? |
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Definition
1. Viral DNA is incorporated into the host DNA immediately upon entering the cell 2. Genes coded by the prophage are transcribed and replicated as if they were normal host DNA 3. Upon certain stimuli, the prophage/provirus is removed from the host DNA |
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Term
What are the characteristics of the acute phase of a virus infection? |
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Definition
1. Virus is detectable 2. IgM may be detectable 3. IgG is usually not detectable |
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Term
What are the visual effects or abnormalities seen in cells that are infected by a virus (Cytopathic effects)? |
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Definition
1. Inclusion body 2. Giant cells |
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Term
How many days after onset of symptoms should serum samples for acute and convalescent phases be collected? |
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Definition
Acute - 7 days after onset of symptoms Convalescent - 14-30 days after onset of symptoms |
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Term
How long may a serum specimen for virology testing be stored at 4*C - 6*C? |
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Definition
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Term
True/False? Virus specimens for virus isolation and growth are usually processed and inoculated onto cell cultures |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which hepatitis viruses are transmitted fecal-oral? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which herpes family member causes recurring oral or genital lesions? |
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Definition
Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) |
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Term
Which herpes family member causes chicken pox and herpes zoster? |
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Definition
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) |
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Term
Which respiratory virus causes a disease in infants and young children and requires isolation of the patient? |
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Definition
Paramyxoviridae family, genus pneumovirus |
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Term
What virus family are Influenza viruses type A, B and C members of? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which respiratory virus has caused outbreaks of Adult Respiratory Disease in military recruits? |
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Definition
Adenoviridae family, genus Mastadenovirus |
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Term
What type of immune cells does HIV infect? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Although the Picornaviruses are best known for mild diseases such as the common cold, what is the most serious disease a member may cause? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which family includes the virus which causes rabies? |
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Definition
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Term
Are live virus vaccines "attenuated" or "inactivated" viruses? |
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Definition
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Term
What aspect of viral growth do most of the currently prescribed antiviral drugs affect? |
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Definition
Inhibits viral activities within the host cells, but with minimal harmful side effects to the host. |
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Term
What direct preparation is used a CSF specimen? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the three macroscopic morphologies used mold culture? |
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Definition
Texture, Color and Reverse |
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Term
What is the causative agent of Black piedra? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which thermally dimorphic fungal pathogens causes "rose handlers' disease"? |
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Definition
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Term
Name the three genera causin chromoblastomycosis. |
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Definition
Phialophora, Cladosporium, Fonsecaea |
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Term
Blastomyces dermatitidis is the etiological agent of what disease process? |
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Definition
North American Blastomycosis |
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