Term
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Definition
| Riparian, periodically flooded by adjacent stream or river |
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Term
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Definition
| peat, no significant inflow/outflow, supports acidophilic moss (sphagnum) |
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Term
| acidophilic mosses (Ex 1:sphagnum) |
|
Definition
| survive in acidic and low nutrient environments like bogs (where other organisms might not grow), lack roots and vascular system (for transporting water), can hold 20 times their weight in water http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/2004/03/04/moss.php |
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Term
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Definition
| lowland along streams and rivers, usually alluvial floodplains, periodically flooded. Forested ones called bottomland hardwood (SE & E US) |
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Term
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Definition
| Broad flood plain. Deposits of sediments over long periods of time-large assemblage of fluvial landforms (braided streams, terraces, etc.,) |
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Term
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Definition
| forested wetland-alders(alnus),willows(salix). Ex: Cumbungi swamp (wales)-Cattail (Typha) Marsh in Austraila. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deciduous, pioneer species (provides nutrients for successional species), improves soil fertility. belongs to birch family Betulaceae. The genus comprises about 30 species of monoecious trees and shrubs, a few reaching a large size, distributed throughout the north temperate zone. Symbiotic relationship (important) with Frankia alni, an actinomycete, filamentous, nitrogen-fixing bacterium. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Bullrush. Introduced into Australia from Europe http://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/12396146/cumbungi-typha-species |
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Term
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Definition
| seasonally waterlogged, grass-covered linear depression in headwater zone of rivers with no marked stream channel or woodland veg. ChiChewa (central Africa) dialect meaning "meadow grazing." |
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Term
|
Definition
| River, upland complex near river forms distributaries as it merges w/sea. Ex. of inland deltas (Peace-Athabasca Delta in Canada, Okavango Delta in Botswana |
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Term
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Definition
| peat, receives some drainage from surrounding mineral soil, usually supports marshlike veg. |
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Term
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Definition
| deepwater enclosed or partially opened aquatic system, esp. in coastal delta regions |
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Term
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Definition
| subtropical & tropical coastal ecosystem dominated by halophytic trees, shrubs, and other plants growing in brackish to saline tidal waters. Word mangrove also refers to dozens of trees and shrub species that dominate mangrove wetlands |
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Term
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Definition
| tidal freshwater and salt marsh. frequently or continually inundated wetland. Emergent herbaceous veg. adapted to saturate soil conditions. In European terms: marsh has mineral soil substrate & doesn't accumulate peat |
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Term
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Definition
| synonymous with peat-accumulating wetland (Euro definition), from Norse word "myrr", Danish & Swedish word for peatland is now "mose" |
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Term
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Definition
| synonymous w/peatland (Euro define). Highmoor is raised bog, lowmoor is peatland in a basin/depression is not elevated about it's perimeter. Primitive sense of Old Norse root is "dead" or barren land |
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Term
|
Definition
| large expanse of peatlands or bogs, used in Canada and Alaska |
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Term
| Halophytic or Halophyte plants |
|
Definition
- plant that grows in waters of high salinity, coming into contact with saline water through its roots or by salt spray
- semi-deserts, mangrove swamps, marshes and sloughs, and seashores. Ex: salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass)
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Term
|
Definition
| Abandoned river channel, often develops into swamp or marsh |
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Term
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Definition
| peatland dominated by sedges, rushes, ferns & scattered shrubs. Most form on terraces or plains of glacial or fluvial outwash origin & are acid and infertile |
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Term
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Definition
| process includes the motion of sediment and erosion or deposition on the river bed. When involved w/glaciers= Fluvialglacial |
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Term
|
Definition
| Scirpus, family Cyperaceae perennial plants that resemble grasses, grow in shallow water or moist soils, and can reach 4 feet in height. Sedges often grow in thick clusters or tussocks. Stems of sedges are usually triangular. Spikes occur on the upper sections of the plant and can be single or in groups. Provide habitat for micro organisms, inverts and amphibs, reptiles,birds. Create nutrient rich detritus. Feed mammals (muskrat,rabbits) and birds |
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Term
|
Definition
| Generic term for any wetland that accumulates partially decayed plant matter (peat) |
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Term
|
Definition
- arid-semiarid region wetland, distinct wet and dry seasons.
- shallow depressional recharge wetlands-occur in Great Plains region.
- Formed through a combo of wind, wave & dissolution processes (Smith, 2003)t
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|
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Term
|
Definition
| process by which a solute forms a solution in a solvent. |
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Term
| recharge wetlands (surface water depression wetland) |
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Definition
| water flows out of wetland into groundwater, dependent on elevation,soil,veg, water table gradient,site, perimeter to vol ratio. Happens more in small wetlands such as potholes-up to 20% recharge of ground water systems. |
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Term
| discharge wetland (Spring or seep) |
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Definition
| water flow into wetland from groundwater,dependent on elevation,soil,veg, water table gradient,site, perimeter to vol ratio. |
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Term
|
Definition
| peat accumulation, nonriparian freshwater, generally dominated by evergreen shrubs & trees,found on SE coastal plains of US. Algonquin term "swamp on a hill" |
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Term
|
Definition
- Depressional, shallow marshlike pond,
- particular to Dakotas, Central Canadian province,
- so-called prairie pothole region
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Term
|
Definition
| Cattail (Typha) marsh in New Zealand |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cattail (Typha) marsh in the UK. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marsh dominated by Phragmites (common reed). Euro term |
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Term
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Definition
| common reed, is a large perennial grass found in wetlands throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world. Phragmites australis is sometimes regarded as the sole species of the genus Phragmites. Native to North America and Europe, introduced and native |
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Term
|
Definition
| has high water table because proximate to aquatic ecosystem, like stream or river. Called bottomland hardwood forest, floodplain forest, bosque, riparian buffer, streamside veg strip |
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Term
|
Definition
| vegetated area (a "buffer strip") near a stream, usually forested, which helps shade and partially protect a stream from the impact of adjacent land uses. It plays a key role in increasing water quality. Common conservation practice to conserve water quality and lower pollution |
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Term
|
Definition
| name for areas of gallery forest,oasis-like ribbon of green vegetation, found along the riparian flood plains of stream and river banks in the arid or semi-arid SW United States. |
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Term
|
Definition
| halophytic grassland on alluvial sediments bordering saline water bodies where water levels fluctuates either tidally or nontidally |
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Term
|
Definition
| very shallow wetland dominated by several species of sedges (Carex, scirpus, cyerus) |
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Term
|
Definition
| elongated swamp or shallow lake system,often adjacent to river/stream. slow flowing shallow swamp or marsh in SE US (cypress slough). Old english word "sloh" means watercourse running in a hollow |
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Term
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Definition
| dominated by trees and shrubs (US definition. Forested fens and wetlands dominated by reed grass (phragmites)(Euro define)-Reedswamp |
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Term
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Definition
| marsh along rivers and estuaries close enough to coastline to experience significant tides by nonsaline water. Veg is often sim. to nontidal freshwater marshes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| areas seasonally flooded by karst ground water w/sufficient frequency and duration to produce wetland characteristics. generally flood in winter & dry in summer, fill & empty through underground passages. Term specific for wetlands in W Ireland. |
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Term
|
Definition
| shallow, intermittent flooded wet meadow, generally typical of Mediterranean climate w/dry season for most of summer & fall. Term used to indicate wetlands temp. flooded in spring throughout US. |
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Term
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Definition
| unvegetated tidal flat originally refers to N Netherlands & NW German coastline. Now used for world coast areas. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Grassland w/waterlogged soil near surface but w/o standing water for most of the year |
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Term
|
Definition
| Similar to marsh, but water levels intermediate between a marsh and wet meadow. |
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Term
|
Definition
| amt of surface water and nutrient inflow |
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Term
|
Definition
| raised or blanket bogs that receive all water nutrients from direct precipitation. No ground water nor runoff from surrounding land reaches the surface of the bog. Water source is rain & snow. Nutrients derived from wind (dust,leaves, bird droppings, feathers,spider web, animal fur). Acidic. Few plants survive. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Plant composition of Veg communities, may be proxies for environmental factors http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/wetland/define/define.htm |
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Term
|
Definition
| Structure of dominant plants, used in Scandinavian and Russian schemes http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/wetland/define/define.htm |
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Term
|
Definition
Three-dimensional shape of peat deposit and geomorphology of the wetland surface. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Source of supply and flow regime for surface and ground water http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/wetland/define/define.htm |
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Term
|
Definition
| vertical layering, composition and nature of underlying peat deposits http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/wetland/define/define.htm |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chemical characteristics of surface water, particularly acidity and content of nutrients http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/wetland/define/define.htm |
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Term
|
Definition
| Botantical composition, nutrient content and structure or human applications-fuel, horticulture etc. http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/wetland/define/define.htm |
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Term
|
Definition
| fens located in depressions that receive surface runoff and/or ground-water recharge from surrounding mineral-soil sources. Nutrients more abundant, water more alkaline, wide range of plants, greater floristic diversity |
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Term
|
Definition
| nutrient rich, supports dense plant population, decomposition of which kills animal life by depriving it of oxygen. |
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Term
|
Definition
- all non-tidal wetlands substantially covered with emergent veg(trees, shrubs, moss, etc).
- Includes bogs, swamps, floodplains, marshes, small bodies of open water, playas, mudflats, salt pans.
- Water fresh, may range brackish-saline in semiarid and arid climes.
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Term
|
Definition
| inland water bodies situated in topographic depressions, lack emergent trees & shrubs. >30% Veg cover, occupy at least 20 acres (8 ha). Lakes, larger ponds, sloughs, lochs, bayous. |
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Term
|
Definition
| freshwater, perennial streams comprised habitat within active channel. Except persisent emergent, trees, shrubs, mosses or lichens. Salinity < 0.5% (not brackish) |
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Term
|
Definition
Deepwater tidal habitat & wetlands influenced by freshwater runoff
Salinity greater than or equal to 0.5 parts per thousand |
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Term
|
Definition
Cowardin Definition-Only One of these needs to be present:
-Land supports hydrophytes periodically
-Unique soil conditions, undrained predominantly(hydric soil)
-substrate in non-soil and is saturated w/water covered by shallow water at some time during growing season of each year. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Presence/absence of water. Driving force of wetlands. Controlled by climate & geomorphology |
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|
Term
| US Corp of Engineers Wetland Definition for regulatory purpose |
|
Definition
| The term wetlands means those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar ares." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3 levels of hierarchy: System, Subsystem & Class
-Systems:group of wetlands w/same hydrolic, geomorphic, chemical or biological factors
-Subsystem-further define system
-Class-describes the system in terms of dominant veg life forms or substrate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Marine, Estuarine, Riverine, Lacustrine,Palustrine |
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Term
|
Definition
| Subtidal, intertidal, tidal, lower perennial (low river), upper perennial (up river), intermittent, limnetic, littoral |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rock bottom, unconsolidated bottom, aquatic bed, reef, rocky shore, emergent wetland |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lacustrine wetland subsystem consisting of the area from the shoreline to a depth of 2 meters below low-water, or to the extent of non-persistent emergents (if they grow at greater depths). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lacustrine subsystem consisting of all deepwater habitats. |
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Term
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Definition
| Riverine subsystem consisting of regions with a low gradient, slow water velocity, no tidal influence, and a constant flow of at least some water throughout the year. |
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Term
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Definition
| presence of swiftly moving, permanent water and usually a poorly developed floodplain. The bottom sediments consist of gravel, cobble, rubble, boulders, or bedrock. |
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Term
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Definition
| intermediate level of productivity. These lakes are commonly clear water soil, wetlands, lakes and ponds with beds of submerged aquatic plants that have medium levels of nutrients? |
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Term
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Definition
| low levels of nutrients, low algal production, and consequently, often have very clear waters, with high drinking-water quality. The bottom waters of such lakes typically have ample oxygen; thus, such lakes often support many fish species? |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Scirpus (americanus) (Bulrush,Bur reed, Sparganium,grass weed) |
|
Definition
- sedge family, an aquatic, grass-like plant,grows in wetlands and moist soil.
- Approximately 200 varieties in the world, some can reach a 8ft or more.
- Used for herbal medications,
- environmentalists use to reduce soil erosion
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Term
|
Definition
| a modified subterranean stem of a plant that is usually found underground, often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes. Creeping rootstalk or rootstocks of a plant |
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Term
|
Definition
| Zizania palustris, common plant in littoral zones of boreal lakes, harvested for human consumption |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| land is rising out of the ocean at an accelerated rate. This follows glacial retreat |
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Term
|
Definition
| canada goose, black duck, pintail, green-winged teal, mallard, american wigeon, shoveler, blue winged teal, red knot, short-billed dowitcher, dunlin, greater yellowlegs, lesser yellowlegs, ruddy turnstone, black bellied plover, red-throated,artic, & common loons, american bittern, common red breasted merganser, yellow rail, sora, sandhill, crane, gulls and terns |
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Term
|
Definition
| largest freshwater inland boreal delta in the world, relatively undisturbed by humans. made up of three deltas: Athabasca River, Peace River and Birch River. One of the most important water fowl nesting and staging areas in N. America. Staging area for breeding ducks and geese |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Picea glauca and P. mariana |
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Term
|
Definition
| 400,000 birds use this wetland in spring, 1 mil in autumn. Waterfowl include: lesser snow goose, white-fronted goose, Canada goose, tundra swan, all four species of loon, all seven species of N. Amer. grebe, 25 species of duck. World's entire population of endangered whooping crane nests in northern part of delta. Largest undisturbed grass and sedge meadows in N. Amer., supports 10,000 wood and plains buffalo |
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Term
| Smooth Cordgrass or Saltmarsh Cordgrass(Spartina alterniflora) |
|
Definition
| Can be invasive (crowds out native species, reduces biodiversity) perennial deciduous grass which is found in intertidal wetlands, especially estuarine salt marshes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| physical rather than biological; not derived from living organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| soil where oxygen consumption by soil biota exceeds the diffusion of oxygen in the soil profile |
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Term
| hydroperiod or hydrologic signature |
|
Definition
1. Balance between inflow & outflow of water
2. surface contours of the landscape
3. Subsurface soil, geology & groundwater conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| movement and filtering of fluids through porous materials |
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Term
|
Definition
| surface area through which water penetrates? |
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Term
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Definition
- An accounting of inputs and outputs of water.
- Precipitation, evapotranspiration, overbank flooding in riparian, surface flows, groundwater fluxes, tides/seiches for coastal
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Term
|
Definition
| study of landforms and the processes that shape them. Covers physical geography, geology, geodesy, engineering geology, archaeology and geotechnical engineering. |
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Term
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Definition
| transpiration + evaporation:sum of water that evaporates from sources of water, soil and vascular plants. Rate is proportional to diff between vapor pressure at water/leaf surface & vapor pressure in overlying air. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aspects of the climate, basin geomorphology and hydrology considered one unit and factored into a wetland's makeup(?) |
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Term
|
Definition
| permanently flooded with tidal water |
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Term
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Definition
| surface exposed by tides less often than daily |
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Term
|
Definition
| (tidal) falternately flooded & exposed at least once daily |
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Term
|
Definition
| (tidal) flooded less often than daily |
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Term
|
Definition
| (nontidal) flooded throughout year in all years |
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Term
|
Definition
| (nontidal) flooded throughout year except in years of extreme drought |
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Term
|
Definition
| (nontidal) flooded during growing season most years |
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Term
|
Definition
| (nontidal) flooded for extended especially during growing season, usually no surfacewater by the end the season |
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Term
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Definition
| (nontidal) substrate is saturated for extended periods during growing season, standing water is seldom present |
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Term
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Definition
| (nontidal) flooded for brief periods during growing season, water table is otherwise well below soil surface. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (nontidal) surface exposed with surface water present for variable periods w/o detectable seasonal patterns |
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Term
|
Definition
| amt of time a wetland is in standing water, term for coastal salt marshes and riparian wetlands |
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Term
|
Definition
| avg # of times that a wetland is flooded in a given period, term for coastal salt marshes and riparian wetlands |
|
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Term
| renewal rate or turnover rate |
|
Definition
| turnover rate of the water in a in a wetland. |
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Term
|
Definition
| amt of precipitation that actually passes through the vegetation to the water or substrate below. |
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Term
|
Definition
| amt of precipitation retained in overlying veg canopy |
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Term
|
Definition
| water that passes down vegetation stems, minor in water budget. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Total amt of precipitation that actually reaches water's surface or substrate of wetland |
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Term
|
Definition
| nonchannelized sheet flow that usually occurs during & immediately following rainfall, spring thaw or as tides rise in coastal wetlands |
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Term
|
Definition
| estimate of amt of precipitation that results in direct runoff from individual storm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| when river flow begins to overflow onto floodplain (average reccurance of 1.5 years) |
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Term
|
Definition
| wetland is well above the groundwater of the area. Loses water through infiltration and evapotranspiration |
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|
Term
| Surface water depression wetland (hydrologic setting) |
|
Definition
| dominated by surface runoff & precip., little groundwater outflow due to layer of low permeability. similar to perched wetland |
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|
Term
| Surface water slope wetland (hydrologic setting) |
|
Definition
| found in alluvial soil adjacent to lake or stream, fed by precip. & surface runoff, mostly by overbank flooding from adjacent water source. |
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|
Term
| Groundwater depression wetland (hydrologic setting) |
|
Definition
| groundwater discharge wetland, swamp is in depression low enough to meet local groundwater table. Less dramatic water fluctations |
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|
Term
| Groundwater slope wetland (hydrologic setting) |
|
Definition
| on slope or hillside, where groundwater discharges to the surface as springs and seeps, groundwater flow can be continuous or seasonal |
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Term
|
Definition
| describes the flow of groundwater into, through and out of a wetland 1)slope of the piezometric surface (hydraulic gradient). 2)hydraulic conductivity, or permeability, the capicity of the soil to conduct water flow. |
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Term
|
Definition
| sun & moon in line & pull together every two week, creating tides of great amplitude. Occur roughly at full & new moon |
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Term
|
Definition
| sun & moon at right angles, creating tides of least amplitude. Occur the 1st & 3rd quarters |
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Term
|
Definition
| a standing wave in an enclosed or partially enclosed body of water. Can be caused by wind (wind-relaxtion-seiche) |
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Term
|
Definition
| oxidation-reduction potential, a measure of the electron pressure (or availability) |
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Term
|
Definition
| for peatland and mires-influenced by groundwater derived solely from the immediate watershed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| wetland in depression, typically receive moisture from precip.,often ombrotroph, found in dry and moist climates |
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Term
|
Definition
| Estuarine and lacustrine wetlands w/bidirectional surface flow |
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Term
|
Definition
| water source dominated by surface inflow |
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Term
|
Definition
| vertical fluctuation of water table results from evapotranspiration & replacement by precip. or groundwater discharge |
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Term
|
Definition
| Unidirectional surface or near-surface water flow (one direction), velocity corresponds to gradient. |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurrence in wetlands dominated by tidal & wind generated water-level fluctuations. |
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Term
|
Definition
| topographic location of a wetland in the surrounding landscape. Four settings: depressional, riverine, fringe, extensive peatlands. |
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Term
|
Definition
| pathway by which organic containments can be broken down by sunlight |
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Term
|
Definition
| use to represent a variety of environmental characteristics that create a # of niches for wildlife |
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Term
|
Definition
| takes advantage of natural attributes of wetlands, like seed banks, plant succession, water-level fluctuations & herbivory |
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Term
|
Definition
| includes planting, ditching, island building. |
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Term
|
Definition
| combines natural and artificial management. Recycles nutrients from otherwise decomposed organic matter, allows for moist-soil management-enhances veg. regeneration and macroinvertebrate diversity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| features formed by reduction, translocation and/or oxidation of iron and manganese oxides |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mucky peat-(intermediate decomposition) between the less decomposed fibric and more decomposed sapric materials. |
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Term
|
Definition
Muck-most highly decomposed of the three kinds of organic soil.
small amt. plant fiber, highest bulk density, low water content, dark grey to black in color, relatively stable |
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Term
|
Definition
| soils with relict redoximorphic features (disturbed soil, cultivate, soil in filled areas) |
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Term
|
Definition
| changes in topography over short distances |
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Term
|
Definition
| conditions in soil represented by depth of saturation, occurrence of reduction & redoximorphic features. |
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Term
|
Definition
| soil matrix that has low chroma & high value, but the color changes in hue or chroma when its exposed to air |
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Term
|
Definition
| oxidation-reduction chemical reaction that occurs when soil is anaerobic and chemically reduced, makes forms of O, N, Mn, Fe or S present in soil. |
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Term
|
Definition
| channels are multithreaded, more stable than braided water channels and commonly have thick clay and silt banks and occur at lower gradients of stream bed. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organic soils, 4 groups: saprists (muck), Fibrists (peat), Hemists (mucky peat or peaty muck), folists (organic soil caused by excessive moisture) |
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Term
|
Definition
| peat, less than one-third of material is decomposed, as long as plant fibers are identifiable. |
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Term
|
Definition
| process caused by chemical reduction of Iron, soil that is gleyed appears black, grey, sometimes greenish or blue-gray |
|
|
Term
| mottles (redox concentrations) |
|
Definition
| Accumulation of iron and manganese oxides in at least 3 different structures, spots of highly oxidized materials in mineral soils that are seasonally flooded |
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Term
|
Definition
| process by which oxygen is released and gains hydrogen (an electron) |
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Term
|
Definition
| process occurs during the uptake of oxygen and also when hydrogen is removed (lose an electron) |
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|
Term
| Nitrogen Mineralization (ammonification) |
|
Definition
| biological tranformations that convert organically bound nitrogen to ammonium nitrogens as it's decomposed |
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Term
|
Definition
| conversion of N2 gas to organic nitrogen through certain organisms with the enzyme nitrogenase |
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|
Term
| Fermentation (Glycolysis) |
|
Definition
| occurs when organic matter is the terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration by microorganisms and forms various low-molecular-weight acids and alchohols and CO2. Ex: lactic acid |
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Term
|
Definition
| certain bacteria(methanogens)use CO2 as an elctron acceptor for the production of gaseous methane (CH4) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the net result of methanogenesis and methane oxidation |
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Term
|
Definition
| An impermeable body of rock or stratum of sediment that acts as a barrier to the flow of groundwater. |
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Term
|
Definition
| subsurface layer in which groundwater seeps up from a water table by capillary action to fill pores. |
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Term
|
Definition
| unconsolidated mineral or organic matter, comes from leaf litter |
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Term
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Definition
| unconsolidated matter including plant debris, moss, sedge, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| forms from rocks or material transported by wind, water, landslide or ice |
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Term
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Definition
| group of individual soil into clusters or aggregates |
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Term
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Definition
| layers in soil that differ in inorganic content, color, texture, mineralogy and/or chemistry |
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Term
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Definition
| only in mineral soils-made of ground up rock, stained over time, but color has leeched away. |
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