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Pliny: 61-112. Pliny is known for his hundreds of surviving letters, which are an invaluable historical source for the period. Many are addressed to reigning emperors or to notables such as the historian, Tacitus. Pliny himself was a notable figure, serving as an imperial magistrate under Trajan (reigned AD 98–117).
Justin Martry: argued that Christianity was compatible with Roman culture.
Celsus: Philosopher who attacked Christianity and said that it was a threat to the state.“ A god would never come into the human form.”
Also explained that Jesus came from a Jewish village in the Holy Land. Jesus' mother was a poor Jewish girl. This girl's husband, who was a carpenter by trade, drove her away because of her adultery with a Roman soldier named Panthera. She gave birth to the bastard Jesus. In Egypt, Jesus became learned in sorcery and upon his return made himself out to be a god. Celsus confirmed the Historicity of Jesus but not the Virgin birth. Celsus also confirmed what the Talmud said about Jesus
The God of philosophers. Perfect abstract God takes no form Holy Trinity monotheistic, Christianity = low people, Wanted tochange the world you would go to roomCaused the attention meaning success was not inevitable in Rome.
Education, class, roman = Christianity endangered these rights. |
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| : Of Alexandria Followed Justine, spoke many languages. Used reason and debated Platonism as the religion of the masses. Platonism as end as Christianity with the same destination and goals. He articulated one of the first philosophical expositions of Christian doctrine. He interpreted scripture allegorically and developed certain doctrines with similarities to Neo-Pythagorean and Neo-Platonist thought. Like Plotinus, he wrote that the soul passes through successive stages of incarnation before eventually reaching God. He imagined even demons being reunited with God. |
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-High point of Rome.
-The Death of Marcus Aurelius.
-End of the five good emperors that ruled with total power (Roman peace 29-180)
-End of the Pax Romana |
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Born 121 and died 180. Was a Roman Emperor from 161 to 180. He ruled with Lucius Verus as co-emperor from 161 until Verus' death in 169. He was the last of the "Five Good Emperors", and is also considered one of the most important Stoic philosophers. During his reign, the empire defeated a revitalized Parthian Empire; Aurelius' general Avidius Cassius sacked the capital Ctesiphon in 164. Aurelius fought the Marcomanni, Quadi, and Sarmatians with success during the Marcomannic Wars, but the threat of the Germanic Tribes began to represent a troubling reality for the empire. A revolt in the east led by Avidius Cassius failed to gain momentum and was suppressed immediately. Marcus Aurelius' work Meditations, written in Greek while on campaign between 170 and 180, is still revered as a literary monument to a government of service and duty. It serves as an example of how Aurelius approached the Platonic ideal of a philosopher-king and how he symbolized much of what was best about Roman civilization.
-Commodus son of Marcus Aurelius inherits the empire from 180-192. Threw huge gladiator games that bankrupt the empire.
The start of the crisis of the third century. |
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22 December 244 – 3 December 311, was a Roman Emperor from 284 to 305. End the crisis of the third century. Secured the empire's borders and purged it of all threats to his power. He defeated the Sarmatians and Carpi during several campaigns between 285 and 299, the Alamanni in 288, and usurpers in Egypt between 297 and 298. Galerius, aided by Diocletian, campaigned successfully against Sassanid Persia, the empire's traditional enemy. In 299 he sacked their capital Ctesiphon.
-Diocletian led the subsequent negotiations and achieved a lasting and favorable peace.
-Introduces the Edict of Maximum Prices, which fixes wages for people and the price of goods.
Faced four big of problems in Rome
Economy. Redefinition of defending the boarders. Had a constant army
Divided Rome into four territories with four equal empires. Loyal to the roman gods and thought of the Christians as a threat. Made all soldiers perform a sacrifice to the gods for favor, those who did not would be killed.
Issued an act in 303, known as the great persecution to Christians.
Dominate: Divine right monarchy-Religion instead of senate
Retires in 305. |
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-Constantine: Has visions of the cross. Converts to Christianity.
-Edict of Milan, the freedom to follow any religion.
-Christianity was legalized in all of Rome.
-Created the Christian city of Constantinople.
-Divided the roman empire in two from east to west. |
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| Constantine/Edict of Milan |
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Born 272–337. Was commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine. Was a Roman Emperor from 306 to 337. Best known for being the first Christian Roman emperor.
Constantine reversed the persecutions of his predecessor, Diocletian, and issued the Edict of Milan in 313, which proclaimed religious tolerance of Christians throughout the empire.
Constantine defeated the emperors Maxentius and Licinius during civil wars. He also fought successfully against the Franks, Alamanni, Visigoths, and Sarmatians during his reign – even resettling parts of Dacia which had been abandoned during the previous century. Constantine also transformed the ancient Greek colony of Byzantium into a new imperial residence, Constantinople, which would be the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire for over one thousand years. |
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| B. Of Adrianople: rebellion against Rome, kills the emperor. Destroys half the empire. |
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| Theodosius/Council of Nicaea |
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347 – 395, commonly known as Theodosius the Great, was Roman Emperor from 379 to 395. Theodosius was the last emperor to rule over both the eastern and the western halves of the Roman Empire. During his reign, the Goths secured control of Illyricum after the Gothic War - establishing their homeland south of the Danube within the empire's borders. He issued decrees that effectively made the Catholic Church and Nicean Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire
Council of Nicaea 325: purpose of the council was to resolve disagreements arising from within the Church of Alexandria over the nature of Jesus in relationship to God the Father; in particular, whether Jesus was the literal son of God or was he a figurative son, like the other "Sons of God" in the Bible. |
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Bishop Ambrose did not let Theodosius into the church until he followed all the Christian rules and repented for his crimes.
337– 397, was a bishop of Milan who became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century. He is counted as one of the four original doctors of the Church.
Theodosius I, the emperor of the East, espoused the cause of Justina, and regained the kingdom. Theodosius was threatened with excommunication by Ambrose for the massacre of 7,000 persons at Thessalonica in 390, after the murder of the Roman governor there by rioters. Ambrose told Theodosius to imitate David in his repentance as he had imitated him in guilt — Ambrose readmitted the emperor to the Eucharist only after several months of penance . This incident shows the strong position of a bishop in the Western part of the empire, even when facing a strong emperor — the controversy of John Chrysostom with a much weaker emperor a few years later in Constantinople led to a crushing defeat of the bishop. |
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-The last Emperor Theodosius Dies.
-East and West forever Divided. |
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410
-Sack of Rome by the Visigoths, first time in 800 years. |
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Attila: 406–453, also known as Attila the Hun, was the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death in 453. He was leader of the Hunnic Empire, which stretched from Germany to the Ural River and from the Danube River to the Baltic Sea. During his rule, he was one of the most fearsome enemies of the Western and Eastern Roman Empire. He invaded the Balkans twice and marched through Gaul (modern France) as far as Orléans before being defeated at the Battle of Châlons. He refrained from attacking either Constantinople or Rome. was bribed by Pope Leo the First.
Attilas left Rome and died before he could return.
Pope Leo I: 400–461 was pope 440-461.
First pope of the Catholic Church to have been called "the Great". He is perhaps best known for having met Attila the Hun in 452, persuading him to turn back from his invasion of Italy. He is also a doctor of the Church. |
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Romulus Augustulus: was the last roman emperor of the west, fall of ancient Rome.
Beginning of the Middle Ages in Western Europe.
Romulus was the last Western Roman Emperor, reigning from 475 until 476. When his deposition by Odoacer, who sent him to live in the Castellum Lucullanum in Campania
Flavius Odoacer: 433–493, also known as Flavius Odovacer, was the 5th-century King of Italy, whose reign is commonly seen as marking the end of the classical Roman Empire in Western Europe and the beginning of the Middle Ages. He is considered the first non-Roman to ever have ruled all of Italy. |
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Theoderic: Came with his army to Italy in 488, where he won the battles of Isonzo and Verona in 489 and at the Adda in 490. In 493 he took Ravenna. On February 2, 493, Theodoric and Odoacer signed a treaty that assured both parties would rule over Italy. A banquet was organised in order to celebrate this treaty. It was at this banquet that Theodoric, after making a toast, killed Odoacer with his own hands.
Restoring Roman Law and the church |
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Justinian: 482–565, was a Roman Emperor of the east from 527 to 565. During his reign, Justinian sought to revive the empire's greatness and reconquered the lost western half of the classical Roman Empire. Dreamed to Bring Rome back to her glory days.
Failed to unite the east and east. Reconquered most of Rome.
Lombards: A Germanic tribe that ruled Italy after Justinian. invaded Italy in 568. Kingdom of Italy, which lasted until 774, when conquered by the Franks.
Known for sacking churches and monasteries. |
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Muhammad: founder and last Prophet Islam.
Hijra: Flight from Mecca (Main city of Islam) to Medina. Holy journey
Islam (Five pillars): 1. Shahaba, One God and Muhammad was is Prophet 2. Prayer, 5 prayers a day facing Mecca. 3. Charity, Give serve the poor and watch over them. 4. Ramadan, Month festival of focusing on religion as well as fast in the day. 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca. Every Muslim is expected to go to Mecca at least once in their life time. |
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Mayor Domus: 7th and 8th centuries Held and wielded the real and effective power to make decisions affecting the Kingdom, while in the mid to late Merovingian period, kings had been reduced to performing merely ceremonial functions, which made them little more than nominal kings or figureheads.
Pepin: 714-768. Was the first King of the Franks (752–68) of the Carolingian dynasty. In 741 he and his brother Carloman succeeded their father, Charles Martel, as mayors of the palace and de facto rulers of the kingdom during an interregnum (737–43). After the retirement of Carloman (747), Pepin obtained the permission of Pope Zachary to depose the last of the Merovingian kings, Childeric III, and assume the throne (752). As he was named for his grandfather, Pepin of Heristal, in turn named for his grandfather, Pepin of Landen, both mayors of the palace, Pepin the Short has sometimes been numbered Pepin III.
Donation of Pepin: The first in 754, and second in 756, provided a legal basis for the formal organizing of the Papal States, which inaugurated papal temporal rule over civil authorities. The Donations were bestowed by Pepin the Short only three years after he became the first civil ruler appointed by a Pope, about the year 751.
Pepin executed in writing a promise to convey to the Papacy certain territories that were going to be wrested from the Lombards. |
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800-843
Treaty of Verdun: August 843, treaty partitioning the Carolingian empire among the three surviving sons of the emperor Louis I (the Pious). The treaty was the first stage in the dissolution of the empire of Charlemagne and foreshadowed the formation of the modern countries of western Europe. Louis I had carefully planned his three elder sons’ inheritances, but from 829 onward his attempts to allocate substantial territory to the future Charles II (the Bald), his young son by a second wife, led to revolts by Charles’s half brothers. After Louis’s death (840) open warfare broke out;
Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the Romans and Holoy Roman Empire.
On Christmas Day in 800, while Charlemagne knelt in prayer in Saint Peter’s in Rome, Pope Leo III placed a golden crown on the bowed head of the king. Charlemagne is said to have been surprised by the coronation, declaring that he would not have come into the church had he known the pope’s plan. However, some historians say the pope would not have dared to act without Charlemagne's knowledge.
Charlemagne: 742 – 814 was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans from 800 to his death in 814. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800. This temporarily made him a rival of the Byzantine Emperor in Constantinople. His rule is also associated with the Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, religion, and culture through the medium of the Catholic Church. Through his foreign conquests and internal reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe and the Middle Ages. the Holy Roman Empire, and France.
Son of Pepin who tangled church and state. |
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800-843
Treaty of Verdun: August 843, treaty partitioning the Carolingian empire among the three surviving sons of the emperor Louis I (the Pious). The treaty was the first stage in the dissolution of the empire of Charlemagne and foreshadowed the formation of the modern countries of western Europe. Louis I had carefully planned his three elder sons’ inheritances, but from 829 onward his attempts to allocate substantial territory to the future Charles II (the Bald), his young son by a second wife, led to revolts by Charles’s half brothers. After Louis’s death (840) open warfare broke out;
Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the Romans and Holoy Roman Empire.
On Christmas Day in 800, while Charlemagne knelt in prayer in Saint Peter’s in Rome, Pope Leo III placed a golden crown on the bowed head of the king. Charlemagne is said to have been surprised by the coronation, declaring that he would not have come into the church had he known the pope’s plan. However, some historians say the pope would not have dared to act without Charlemagne's knowledge.
Charlemagne: 742 – 814 was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans from 800 to his death in 814. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800. This temporarily made him a rival of the Byzantine Emperor in Constantinople. His rule is also associated with the Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, religion, and culture through the medium of the Catholic Church. Through his foreign conquests and internal reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe and the Middle Ages. the Holy Roman Empire, and France.
Son of Pepin who tangled church and state. |
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: 742 – 814 was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans from 800 to his death in 814. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800. This temporarily made him a rival of the Byzantine Emperor in Constantinople. His rule is also associated with the Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, religion, and culture through the medium of the Catholic Church. Through his foreign conquests and internal reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe and the Middle Ages. the Holy Roman Empire, and France.
Son of Pepin who tangled church and state. |
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Hugh Capet: 939–996. Was the first King of France of the eponymous Capetian dynasty from his election to succeed the Carolingian Louis V in 987 until his death.
He is regarded as the founder of the Capetian dynasty. The direct Capetians, or the House of Capet, ruled France from 987 to 1328; thereafter, the Kingdom was ruled by collateral branches of the dynasty. All French kings through Louis Philippe, and all royal pretenders since then, have belonged to the dynasty. Members of the Capetian dynasty are still the heads of state of the kingdom of Spain (in the person of the Bourbon Juan Carlos) and of the grand-duchy of Luxembourg, making it the oldest continuously reigning dynasty in the world.
Otto the Great: 912-973, son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke of Saxony, King of Germany, King of Italy, and "the first of the Germans to be called the emperor of Italy" according to Arnulf of Milan. While Charlemagne had been crowned emperor in 800, his empire had been divided amongst his grandsons, and following the assassination of Berengar of Friuli in 924, the imperial title had lain vacant for nearly forty years. On 2 February 962, Otto was crowned Emperor of what would later become the Holy Roman Empire. |
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Pope Urban II: 1035–1099, was Pope from 12 March 1088 until his death. He is most known for starting the First Crusade (1095–1099) and setting up the modern day Roman Curia, in the manner of a royal court, to help run the Church. started the crusaded and claimed that it would unite all Christians and the church with the holly lands.
-Muslim countries were invading and conquering Christian countries in Eastern Europe. This was a huge threat to Pope Urban II, and to counter the invasion he gave a speech that had a couple of major points to a Council of Clermont. He called on all Christians’ of different social classes, to fight against the invading foe, in return for heavenly rewords.
The first reason that the invading Muslims should be stopped according to Urban II was because they were an impure people. These Muslims would corrupt the people and land of the countries they conquered. The second point the pope made was that if you want to be friends with God you have to do what pleases him. The Arabs and Muslims were destroying churches and killing countless Christian people. The third major point he made, was that all the people who truly followed the teachings of Jesus need to fight against the unholy pagans. He then said that those who fought would receive rewards from the pope that would remission of their sins and the advancement of their social classes. I think that all these points that Pope Urban II made were very influential to the early Christian people, and struck a chord that hit their moral believes.
First Crusade: Was successful and popular. Recaptured Jerusalem.
Peter The Hermit gathered 40,000 people out side of Constantinople.
Captured Antioch and Jerusalem |
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Jerusalem was recaptured.
Third Crusade:
Many leaders joined in.
-Richard the Lion Hearted (England)
-Phillip Augustus (France)
-Fredric of Barbarossa (Holly Roman Empire)
Ended in a treated that allowed Visitations |
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Fourth Crusades: The motives were lost and it was just about plunder and greed.
1204: capture or sack of Constantinople
1212: Used 20,000 kids at one point to march to Italy and claimed they had less Sin. These children were lost and stolen never to be seen again.
Bad motives but brought positive results like,
Trade, silk, sugar coffee, luxury items from the east.
Ended isolation and increased knowledge.
-Migration of Christians.
-Reintroduction of Greek and Mathematics |
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| End of the Roman Empire by the Turks, when they captured the last territory of Constantinople. |
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