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Western World midterm
using The West in the World Renaissance to Present
60
History
Undergraduate 1
10/09/2012

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Term
City-states
Definition
Naples, Papal States, Florence, Milan, Venice
Term
Popolo grasso
Definition
merchant bankers, ran the city-states
Term
Medici
Definition
family from Florence, produced many notable people, made fortunes from being bankers and merchants, lent money to popes
Term
Condotierri
Definition
hired mercenary troops, hired b/c of distrust in the people
Term
Balance-of-power
Definition
practice adopted by the five major city states where they decided it would be bad for all of them if any one city state became too powerful
Term
Humanism
Definition
study of/concern for humankind, man is important and should be educated and should live in a secular world
Term
Secularism
Definition
people want to enjoy time on earth rather than worry about afterlife
Term
Individualism
Definition
people with talent (artists, writers) able to express themselves during this time
Term
Baldassare Castiglione
Definition
wrote The Courtier (how-to book for being a gentleman), stressed cultural talents
Term
Niccolo Macchiavelli
Definition
wrote The Prince (ruler should be feared)
Term
Babylonian Captivity
Definition
ancient event of captive Christians that Luther references when talking about the Avignonese papacy
Term
Great Schism
Definition
after French cardinals elect an Italian pope (who has returned to Rome after the Avignonese papacy), he wants to reform the religion; French want to take back the election, he refuses to leave so he stays in Rome and a second newly elected pope goes to Avignon
Term
Conciliar Movement
Definition
council of the Church brought forth by theologians at University of Paris
Term
Council of Pisa
Definition
popes won't call council, so cardinals call Council of Pisa and elect ANOTHER pope (now there are 3 popes)
Term
Council of Constance
Definition
HRE emperor steps into three-pope-catastrophe, calls this council, the council elects a new pope who settles at Rome and subjects disobeyers to punishment (usually execution)
Term
Seven Sacraments
Definition
means to grace: baptism, confession, communion, matrimony, confirmation, last rites, holy orders
Term
Transubstantiation
Definition
bread and wine are turned into Jesus' body and blood during communion
Term
Dispensation
Definition
taking a vow back (ie annulment)
Term
Indulgence
Definition
practice started by the Church to pay for the St Peters Basilica where people pay for grace from Treasury of Merit
Term
St. Augustine
Definition
idea that God designates people to save before they are born, Wyclif and Hus agree
Term
John Wyclif
Definition
believes in predestination, professor/priest/theologian, translated NT from Latin to English, reduced priests' power b/c he didn't believe they were necessary or had magic powers
Term
Jan Hus
Definition
professor/theologian/priest, agrees with Wyclif, invited to Council of Constance, put before Inquisition and executed
Term
Christian humanism
Definition
movement within Catholic church where members thought the church needed to return to a basic interpretation, faith and positive view of humankind, Erasmus wrote ideals of CH
Term
Erasmus
Definition
15th century monk/Christian humanist
Term
Thomas More
Definition
came up with idea of utopia, died defending church against Henry VIII
Term
Martin Luther
Definition
professor/priest/theologian, challenges Johan Tetzel (indulgences) to debate, posts 95 Theses, wants more congregational participation, emphasis on sermon, translations to German, ultimate authority is Bible, brings down priesthood & compares them to laypeople, begins leading religious sect
Term
95 Theses
Definition
posted by Luther at university to debate Tetzel, spread through movable type, first act of Protestant Reformation
Term
Diet of Worms
Definition
meeting at Worms where emperor & leaders meet with Luther to decide about his authority, condemn him
Term
Peasant's Rebellion 1524
Definition
reformation leads to desire in Europeans to socially and economically better themselves, biggest rebellion of the time
Term
Peace of Augsberg
Definition
Luther's followers and supporters of emperor/Catholicism fight a war, this ends it, religion of authority is established (ruler's religion --> everyone's religion)
Term
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Definition
written by John Calvin, God predetermines who will go to heaven, theory of "The Elect"
Term
"The Elect"
Definition
people who God has elected to be saved, moral compass is within them
Term
John Calvin
Definition
student of law at university, began Calvinism, head of religion and Geneva
Term
Calvinism
Definition
Institutes of Christian Religion, "the elect", system of snooping/spying, not our job to determine who will be saved, laypeople are in positions of authority (presbyters), super Old Testament
Term
Presbyters
Definition
laypeople in positions of power at church
Term
Anabaptists
Definition
most radical people in Reformation, mostly made up of peasants, must be baptized as adults, literal translation of Bible, church and state are separated
Term
Anglicanism
Definition
church of England established by Henry VIII so he can get an annulment
Term
Book of Common Prayer
Definition
Anglican book to appeal to common people
Term
Counter reformation
Definition
Council of Trent called by Catholic church, attempts to regain territories, no changes in doctrine but some reform (no more indulgences)
Term
Council of Trent
Definition
council called by Catholic church, nothing really done
Term
Ignatius of Loyola
Definition
comes up with preaching/teaching method, starts Jesuit movement (Society of Jesus)
Term
Elizabethan Compromise
Definition
when Elizabeth I becomes queen, tries to reconcile Mary's Catholic love and her father's distance from Catholicism with this, Protestant liturgy and Catholic elements without recognizing pope
Term
Henry the navigator
Definition
prince of Portugal, sends out yearly expeditions to explore and establish African trading posts, wanted to proselytize and ally with African kings, wanted to cut out Italian middleman
Term
Treaty of Alcacovas
Definition
Spain cannot follow Portugal down western coast of Africa, if this happens Portuguese have right to throw Spanish overboard, Spanish get the Canary Islands
Term
Enterprise of the Indies
Definition
Columbus' theory that he could get to East Asia by going west
Term
Santo Domingo
Definition
current capital of Dominican Republic, founded by Columbus' brother
Term
Treaty of Tordesillas
Definition
Line of Demarcation moved from middle of Atlantic Ocean to eastern coast of South America
Term
Amerigo Vespucci
Definition
Italian banker, joins Spanish expedition, recognition of 'mundus novus' or new world
Term
Mundus Novus
Definition
Vespucci's term for the areas being explored
Term
Conquistadors
Definition
experienced fighters, fought for Christianity, explored the new world, killed natives
Term
Habsburgs
Definition
family with rulers in HRE and Spain during the time period
Term
Netherlands Revolt
Definition
Philip II of Spain decides the Netherlanders are heretics and this needs to be changed (and they need to be taxed), resistance is harsh but conflicted because of religious ties, William the Silent
Term
Duke of Alva
Definition
sent to the Netherlands to end the revolt
Term
Council of Troubles
Definition
council set up by Duke of Alva, called The Council of Blood by Netherlanders, responsible for carrying out king's decisions, often ended in execution
Term
William the Silent
Definition
Netherlander who led resistance against Philip, willing to die for Netherlands but not for religion
Term
Union of Utrecht
Definition
unified the northern provinces of the Netherlands after the Eighty Years War
Term
John Knox
Definition
Scottish man, studied under John Calvin, preaches against Catholicism and gains Scottish followers, Scotland becomes Presbyterian
Term
Sea Dogs
Definition
adventurers/pirates during Elizabeth I's time, supported by Elizabeth because of profits
Term
Mary, Queen of Scots
Definition
cousin of Elizabeth, child queen of Scotland, death warrant signed by Elizabeth
Term
Invincible Armada
Definition
Spanish Navy that sailed with the intention of unseating Elizabeth I from the throne, ultimately fails because English are prepared for attack, puts England and Spain at war until Elizabeth dies
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