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| The "New Stone" Age, dating from around 10000 to 4000 BCE |
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| Human-beings who roam to hunt and gather food in the wild and do not live in permanent, settled communities. |
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| Temples of stair-step design that soared up to ten stories high |
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| The Sumerians' fully developed script |
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| The ancient Egyptian pictographic writing system for official texts |
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| The Egyptian goddess embodying truth, justice, and cosmic order |
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| The Myceneans' pictographic script for writing Greek |
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| The diverse groups of raiders who devastated the eastern Mediterranean region in the period of violence from 1200-1000 BCE |
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| The dispersal of the Jewish population from their homeland |
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| The Greek value of competitive individual excellence |
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| The Greek city-state, an independent community of citizens not ruled by a king |
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| A heavily armed Greek infantryman. Hoplites constituted the main strike force of a city-states' militia |
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| A slave owned by the Spartan city-state; such slaves came from parts of Greece conquered by the Spartans |
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| Greek wooden warships rowed by 170 oarsmen sitting on three levels and equipped with a battering ram at the bow |
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| Athens's political leader during the Golden Age |
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| An annual procedure in Athenian radical democracy by which a man could be voted out of the city-state for ten years; its purpose was to prevent tyranny |
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| The central market square of a Greek city-state, a popular gathering place for conversation |
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| The massive temple to Athena as a warrior goddess built atop the Athenian acropolis in the Golden Age of Greece |
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| A foreigner granted permanent residence status in Athens in return for paying taxes and serving in the military |
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| Competitive intellectuals and teachers in ancient Greece who offered expensive courses in new persuasive public speaking and new ways of philosophic and religious thinking beginning around 450 BCE |
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